Today in history: Morse's telegram was tested successfully for the first time in 1838.
One sentence: three or two words, carved into wires, thousands of turns.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the land system changed from the well field system to the land grant system. As we know, the well field system was the main land system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it can also be said that it was left over from the ancient commune land ownership system.
For example, "Xiao Ya Da Tian" said: "渰萋萋萋, Xingyu Qi Qi, rain my public field, and then I am private." Mencius Tengwen Gongshang also said: "Fangli is a well, and the well is nine hundred acres, of which is a public field." The eight families are all private and hundred acres, and they raise public land together, finish their official affairs, and then dare to govern private affairs. ”
There are also many scholars who believe that the layout of "Ida" is uniform and too idealistic. However, the division of public and private land is not subjective and imaginary, but is based on ancient communes and their ownership systems, which is a common phenomenon in ancient China and abroad.
It is generally believed that public land is jointly cultivated by all members, and the harvest is returned to the public and paid to state taxes and public expenditures;
However, as productivity continues to develop, especially with the introduction of iron farming tools and cattle farming, individual production can also increase yields and increase the motivation of producers.
Since these reclaimed private lands were not included in the scope of taxation, slave owners and nobles actively reclaimed private land, and there was a scene of "the people refusing to do their best" in the public land.
As a result, many nobles reclaimed new fields outside the well fields for their own use, and even turned the "public land" that was originally allocated into private property, and used the method of employment to recruit manpower.
As a result, private land was more and more, eventually surpassing public land, so the nobility was richer than the public office, and the situation of upper and lower levels began to appear.
In order to increase their income, the public office had to break the distinction between public and private land, and then levied taxes. In this way, it is equivalent to acknowledging that the public land enjoyed by their subordinates is their legitimate private property, and it is difficult for the "black fields" that they have privately exploited a large amount of land to freely evade taxes, which eventually leads to the destruction of the Ida system.
At the same time, in order to survive, slaves also took many forms to fight against slave owners. Slave owners could no longer rule in the original way, nor could they carry out production activities as before, and the reform of the old relations of production had become an inevitable trend in social development and led to the demise of slavery.
The economic system based on the well field system has become difficult to meet the needs of all aspects of society, and the establishment of a new land distribution and taxation system that meets the needs of society has become a major problem faced by the princes and the qing clans of various countries
As a result, more and more new forces in the princely states began to carry out a series of reforms to the land and tax system, began to recognize the private ownership of land, and the well field system gradually disintegrated, and the private ownership of land was gradually recognized.
In 594 BC, the State of Lu promulgated the "Initial Tax Mu" decree, declaring that public and private land should be taxed according to mu, the difference between public land and private land no longer existed, and the legitimacy of private land was officially recognized.
Then, in 356 BC, Shang Martin implemented a change of law in the Qin state, abolishing the well field system in the form of a decree, and legally establishing the private ownership of feudal land, which was formally established nationwide after the unification of Qin.
At this point, the land ownership system of the slave state, which lasted for more than a thousand years, was replaced by the private ownership of the land of the feudal landlords.