Pottery and porcelain are two different concepts, and the ceramics that people often talk about are actually expressing two kinds of utensils, one is pottery and the other is porcelain.
Pottery can be regarded as the predecessor of porcelain, and porcelain can also be regarded as a product of the development of pottery, and they have obvious differences in characteristics.
In the early Neolithic period, pottery appeared in China. The earliest surviving pottery fragments were unearthed in some cave sites in the southern region, dating from carbon-14 dating from 9,000,000,000 years.
Pottery refers to products with poor carcass sintering degree, non-dense structure, rough and dull cross-section, low mechanical strength, large water absorption rate, and muffled sound when tapping. According to the color of the carcass, it can be divided into gray pottery, red pottery, black pottery, faience pottery, white pottery, and according to the manufacturing process, it can be divided into fine pottery and stone pottery. Most of the stoneware is brick tiles, pottery pipes and architectural glazed products, and fine pottery refers to fine processing of daily pottery products and ceramic glazed brick products. Generally made daily pottery utensils, etc. are called ordinary pottery.
The earliest Chinese porcelain appeared in shang. Because it is the early and low-level stage of porcelain production, the production process of this type of porcelain is relatively primitive, the general firing temperature is low, the carcass is not completely sintered, the water absorption rate and air permeability are relatively high, the glaze layer is thin and easy to peel off, which is called primitive porcelain.
By the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, the firing process of porcelain had become perfect, and porcelain in the modern sense began to appear. The porcelain test in the excavated Eastern Han Dynasty porcelain kiln shows that the porcelain porcelain tire at this time has been sintered, basically does not absorb water, the carcass is dense and hard, the glaze layer is transparent and shiny, and there is no glaze peeling phenomenon, which has reached the basic standard of modern porcelain.
Therefore, most scholars believe that porcelain appeared in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty. The porcelain of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, as the origin stage of porcelain, can be called primitive porcelain. According to the use, porcelain can be divided into daily porcelain (daily life porcelain), arts and crafts porcelain (ornamental porcelain for decoration), architectural sanitary ceramics (wall tiles, face washers, etc.), industrial porcelain, etc.
The main difference between pottery and porcelain is that they use different raw materials and firing temperatures. The raw material used in pottery is generally meltable clay (clay) obtained in situ, and the firing temperature is low, generally 850 °C and 1150 °C. The raw material used for porcelain is clay (porcelain clay) with high fire resistance, and the firing temperature is also higher, generally 1250 °C 1380 °C.
Jun porcelain is a kind of porcelain, which is an inevitable product after the development of porcelain reaches a certain height.
After the firing technology of porcelain gradually matured in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the porcelain industry developed rapidly, and porcelain kilns spread all over the north and south of the river, and porcelain varieties of different glaze colors such as celadon porcelain, black porcelain and white porcelain appeared successively.
Jun porcelain originally belonged to the celadon series, during the Northern Song Dynasty, the porcelain makers in Yuzhou found copper oxide as a glaze colorant in the process of porcelain making, which is generally green, but can be red in special cases. This important discovery led them to create a new porcelain species called Jun porcelain on the basis of celadon porcelain.
Because the jun glaze contains a trace amount of copper oxide, it can be fired with a purple-red glaze, and at the same time, it can also produce different colors of kiln changes with different firing temperatures and different atmospheres in the kiln, jun porcelain soon became unique and became the famous porcelain at that time, and the Jun kiln became a famous kiln of the Song Dynasty, and laid the foundation for Jingdezhen to fire more colorful red glaze porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty and beyond.
-Hot Reading-
Music with Jun - focus on Jun porcelain tea utensils, Jun porcelain culture disseminator