The heart is in the imperial court, and no matter whether the lord is the lord first or the lord, the name is high in the world, why should it distinguish Xiangyang Nanyang

Liu Beisan's end of his life of cultivation is not only a turning point in Zhuge Liang's life experience, but also a landmark historical event of great significance in the history of the development of Liu Bei's Shu Han regime, and it is also an important event that triggered the evolution of the situation from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin dynasties of the Three Kingdoms, which has always attracted attention. However, the place where Liu Beisan's Gu Maolu incident occurred, that is, where Zhuge Liang's cultivated land was at that time, whether it was Nanyang in Henan or Xiangyang in Hubei, this inexplicable mystery has been plaguing people for thousands of years. Whether in academia, in the processing of textbooks and in people's daily discussions, there are often conflicting arguments. Under the impetus of economic prosperity and market strength, there have been competitions for celebrities' birthplaces in many places, and is the issue of Zhuge Liang's cultivated land dispute also of this nature? Since Zhuge Liang said that he was cultivating in Nanyang, why did he say that Xiangyang appeared? How to view the stories of Sangu Maolu and the existing related historical and cultural relics that have always prevailed in Nanyang and Xiangyang?

First, the emergence of controversy is by no means driven by the economy and the market

Since 1978, a view has emerged in the field of historians that the issue of Zhuge Liang's ploughing of the land was a historical problem caused by the contradictions in reality at that time. In the 1980s, due to the issuance of commemorative stamps for the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there were controversies such as "Three Gu Maolu" Occurred in Xiangyang Longzhong (written by Ding Baozhai, Philatelic, No. 4, 1989), "Three Gu Maolu" Did Not Occur in Xiangyang Longzhong (written by Zhang Xiaogang and Wang Yujun, Philatelic, No. 10, 1989), and "Famous in the World, Why Distinguish Xiangyang Nanyang- A Historical Suspense Case Caused in the Pregnancy of Stamps" (written by Yang Lin and Sun Lili, Philatelic, No. 4, 1990). In view of the fact that historical problems have caused practical problems, "historians have the responsibility to clarify them", so historians in Wuhan, Chengdu and Beijing held seminars. During the discussion, a later popular version appeared, believing that the problem of cultivating land began with the commemorative stamp of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, that is, "The question of whether Zhuge Liang's cultivated land is in Nanyang or Xiangyang, some people say that there is a long-standing problem, as if there is such an unsolved case in history." I think this has never been a question of doubt. (On March 15, 1990, Tan Qijun made a speech at the "Symposium on the Problem of Zhuge Liang's Cultivated Land" held by historians in Shanghai, Jin Tai compiled "Tan Qihua on Nanyang's Cultivated Land", and Gao Shichu, Gong Qianghua, Ding Baozhai and Li Keqin edited "Zhuge Liang's Collected Papers on Cultivated Land", Oriental Publishing House, 1991 edition, pp. 3-4.) Among them, some people believe that the emergence of Zhuge Liang's dispute over cultivated land is related to the "cultural platform" of local economic development (Gao Wei: "'Hometown' Fight, Zhuge Liang is not in a hurry", China Culture Daily, September 6, 2016, 3rd edition). This statement needs to be revised. The controversy over the issue of Zhuge Liang's cultivated land is by no means a phenomenon caused by the current social reality and under the influence of the economy and the market, but a historical phenomenon that has long existed.

Regarding Liu Beisan Gu Maolu and his own cultivated land, although Zhuge Liang explicitly stated that the location of the cultivated land and the three Gu Maolu was in Nanyang, he did not specify the specific location. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there were records of Zhuge Liang's former residence in Wang Yin's Shu Ji and Xi Chisel's Han Jin Chunqiu, and then Li Daoyuan's Notes on the Water Classics clearly stated that the location of Sangu Maolu was present-day Xiangyang Longzhong. However, until the Tang Dynasty, the theory of the location of the Three Gu Maolu in Nanyang was still dominant, and Li Bai recounted in the "Nandu Xing": "Walking horse Hongyang City, Huying Baihe Bay." Who knows the Crouching Dragon, long groans and melancholy sideburns. (Written by Li Bai, An Qi, Xue Tianwei, Yan Qi, Fang Rixi Notes: Notes on the Chronicles of Li Bai's Complete Works, Vol. 3 Nandu Xing, Zhonghua Bookstore 2015 Edition, p. 299) Du Fu said in Wuhou Temple: "After hearing the resignation of the Lord, I will no longer lie in Nanyang. (Pu Qilong: Reading Du Xin Xie, vol. VI, Wuhou Temple, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1961 edition, p. 828) Wang Zun's Nanyang has "Land trapped mud is not suitable." Don't you want to hide the high traces of the cultivators? If it were not for the first lord to look down on the three Gu, who knows Mao Lu and a Wolong" (Peng Dingqiu et al., ed., Quan Tang Poems, vol. 602 Wang Zun," Nanyang, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1960 edition, p. 6955). The surviving "Monument to the Ancestral Hall of Zhuge Wuhou of Shu Cheng Xiang" in Chengdu Wuhou Ancestral Hall was erected by Tang Xianzong Yuan and the fourth year (809), and the inscription was written by Pei Du, who had been the inspector of imperial history and chancellor, and written by Liu Gongquan's brother Liu Gongquan. The inscription says, "Gong is shi ye, ploughing Nanyang, comparing himself to the pipe music, I did not come from the tiger, when called Wolong." (Compiled by Qingyang District Local History Compilation Committee: Chronicle of Xicheng District of Chengdu City, Chengdu Publishing House, 1995 edition, p. 510)

In the Yuan Dynasty, emperor Renzong's first year (1312) autumn, Cheng Jufu's "Monument to the Cultivation of Nanyang Zhuge Academy" recorded: "Seven miles west of Nanyang City, there are gang Furan uplifts, known as Wollonggang, there is a well yuanran deep, known as Zhuge Jing, according to legend, the former residence of Marquis Wu of Han Cheng Xiang, the people are worshipped. (Some views such as Liu Pangsheng's "Overview of Zhuge Liang Caolu's Former Residence" (Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 3, 1998) think that the controversy originated in the Yuan Dynasty, which is wrong) According to the "Monument to the Construction of Zhuge Academy in Nanyang", in the second year of Emperor Wuzong's reign (1309), He Wei, the political minister of Pingzhang, Henan, went to Nanyang to visit Zhuge Liang Ancestral Hall, which made the Nanyang Magistrate expand, and in the second year of Renzong Yanyou (1315), after a discussion between Zhongshu Pingzhang and the Hanlin Yuan, he gave the Nanyang Zhuge Liang Ancestral Hall the title of "Wuhou Ancestral Hall". Confucian professor Wang Qian said in the "Monument to the Temple of Marquis Wu of The Han Dynasty": "Seven miles west of nanyang zhicheng, there is a post known as Wolong, which is commonly believed to be the hermitage of Wuhou, the former people of Budi District, four houses, four trees, portraits and shrines. (Zhang Pengfei: Zhongwuzhi, vol. 6, Kangxi Bingxuetang Inscription, p. 20a)

Yang Yingkui of the Ming Dynasty said in the "Monument to the Sacrifice of the Temple Rules of the Marquis of Zhongwu": "The seven miles west of the city of Nanyang County, there are Fulongran, stretching for more than forty miles, the name is Wollonggang, which is the land where Zhuge Kongming, the Marquis of Zhongwu, is also the place where Zhuge Kongming, the Marquis of Zhongwu, is also cultivated. (Liu Yudong: "Inscription of the Wuhou Ancestral Hall in Wollongong", Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 2015 edition, p. 63) Li Dongyang said in "The Reconstruction of the Ancestral Hall of Zhuge Wuhou": "Wollonggang, the west of Nanyang City, is the former site of Caolu, and the Han history calls Hou Gonggong Nanyang, also known as living in Xiangyang Longzhong." (Liu Yudong: "Inscription of wuhou ancestral hall in Wollongong", Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 2015 edition, page 45) Zhu Ou said in "Rebuilding zhuge Wuhou Ancestral Hall": "Nanyang County ruled the west, go to the city of Six or Seven Lixu, there is a gang known as Wolong, the old Zhuge Wuhou Ancestral Hall, the old Zhuge Wuhou Ancestral Hall, the age of the circle. (Liu Yudong: "Inscription of wuhou ancestral hall in Wollongong", Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 2015 edition, page 48) Ye Guizhang said in the "Records of the Ancestral Hall of The Auxiliary Cultivation of Wuhou": "Jiajing Yiyi was in the middle of winter, and was ordered to envoy Tang Province, Nanyang. In the leisure days, he had to worship the Wuhou Ancestral Hall in Wollongong. Gang in the southwest of the county town can be ten miles, cong bamboo XiaoXiao, ancient trees Senying... The terrain is slightly lower on all sides, but the middle gang is uplifted, so it is known as longzhong, and gai nanyang weiguan is also. (Liu Yudong: Inscription of Wuhou Ancestral Hall in Wollongong, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 2015, p. 61)

Gu Yanwu's "Zhaoyu Zhi" of the Qing Dynasty recorded in the "Nanyang Prefecture of Henan Province, Nanyang County": "Wollongong, in the southwest of the seven miles, from the south of the Song Mountains, stretching for hundreds of miles, and now it is intercepted and lived, swirling like a nest." Zhuge Kong Ming Caolu is inside it. Now is the place of the temple. (Gu Yanwu: "Zhaoyu Zhi", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2004 edition, p. 1110) Gu Zuyu's "Minutes of Reading history and public opinion" volume 51 "Nanyang County" records: "Wollongong is in the southwest of the city seven miles ... Legend has it that Kong Ming Caolu was in it. (Gu Zuyu: Minutes of Reading the History of Fang Public Opinion, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2005 edition, p. 2404) The Ming and Qing dynasties official Xiu Tongzhi, in addition to the former residence of Xiangyang, also contains the former residence of Nanyang, and the two theories coexist, such as "Daming Yi Tongzhi", "Great Qing Yi Tongzhi", "Ancient and Modern Book Integration and Fang Youyou Compilation".

Due to the rich and diverse connotations of history and culture, with the prosperity of economy and culture, the economic and cultural relations have become increasingly close, and under this situation, there have been some different regions competing for cultural celebrities. This is a complex phenomenon that simply boils down to cultural competition dominated by economic interests. In particular, the problem of Zhuge Liang's ploughing of the land has long existed in history. At present, the debate inevitably includes factors of economic interests, but the more important factors are the authenticity of historical events and the regionalization of Zhuge Liang's spiritual culture, which involves the issue of local cultural identity and belonging.

Second, the present-day Xiangyang Longzhong did not belong to Nanyang at that time

Liu Beisan's account of Gu Maolu and Zhuge Liang's ploughing of the land is none other than Zhuge Liang's own statement, namely: "The subject is clothed, he cultivates in Nanyang, and his whole life is in the chaotic world, and he does not seek to reach the princes." The former emperor did not despise his subjects, and he was indecent and self-deprecating, and the three gu subjects were in the grass" ("Table of Teachers"). Although it is impossible to pinpoint where the cultivated land and the location of the Three Gu Caolu are located, they must belong to Nanyang County at that time, so whether it belongs to Nanyang at that time has become the most basic and important criterion.

When Zhuge Liang was cultivating Nanyang, the situation of the Division of the Three Kingdoms had not yet been formed, so the administrative divisions still followed the old appearance of the Eastern Han Dynasty and did not change. At that time, the administrative division of the country implemented a three-level system of prefectures, counties, and counties, and Nanyang was a county-level administrative district, which governed Thewan County, that is, the present-day Nanyang City of Henan, which covered the counties of Ye County, Lushan, Neixiang County, south of present-day Bears Ears Mountain in Henan, and Yingshan, Sui County, Xiangyang County, and Shanyang County in Shaanxi Province, north of Dahong Mountain in Hubei. Nanyang County is bordered by Nan County to the south, and both belong to Jingzhou. Nan Commandery (南郡) was originally the capital of the Chu state of Yingdu (present-day northwest of Jiangling, Hubei) and its surrounding areas, with jurisdiction over the area west of present-day Wuhan, hubei, north of Jianli, east of Wushan, Sichuan, and south of Xiangyang, Hubei.

Through the reading of historical documents from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, it is not difficult to see that at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the dividing line between Nanyang County and Nan County was HanShui (present-day Han River). According to the "Records of Yuanhe County", "Qin and Tianxia, from the north of the Han Dynasty to Nanyang County, present-day Dengzhou Nanyang County is also." South of Han was Nan County, and present-day Jingzhou was also. Thirteen years after The Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Wei pingjing prefecture and Xiangyang County. Since the defeat of Chibi, Wei lost Jiangling, and Jingzhou was in charge of impermanence. Wu counted Zhuge Jin and Lu Xun into his realm, and from Xiangyang in Yanggong Town, Wu did not re-enter. During the Yongjia Rebellion, the Sanfu Hao clan flowed in Fan and Qiu, and overseas Chinese were on the side of han shui, and Linan Yongzhou was established. (Written by Li Jifu, He Cijun DianXiao: "Yuanhe County Tuzhi" volume 21 "Shannan Dao" 2 "Xiangzhou", Zhonghua Bookstore 1983 edition, p. 527) Nanyang County and Nan County were both placed in the Qin Dynasty, bounded by the Han River, and Zhang Heng of the Eastern Han Dynasty said in Dafu that Nanyang was located "south of the capital and the sun of the Han Dynasty" ("Nandu Fu"); during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xi Chisel said: "Qin and the world, from the south of the Han dynasty to the south is the south county, and the north of the Han is the Nanyang County." (The Record of Xiangyang) (written by Li Daoyuan, Yang Shoujing, Xiong Huizhen, Li Nanhui, Xu Guiqiu: Kyoto University Tibetan Banknotes Benshui Jingshu, vol. 34 Jiangshui Second Annotation, Liaohai Publishing House, 2012 edition, p. 1600) Therefore, Nanyang County is located north of the Han River, and Nan County is in the south.

As far as administrative divisions are concerned, the present-day Xiangyang Longzhong in Hubei is located south of the Han River, and in zhuge liang's time it belonged to Nan County, not Nanyang County.

Third, the former residence of Xi Chisel is not Xiangyang Longzhong

In fact, there is also the former residence of Zhuge Liang near present-day Xiangyang. The earliest document is the first year of Yongxing in the Western Jin Dynasty (304), 70 years after Zhuge Liang's death, the Zhennan general and Jingzhou Assassin Liu Hong went to Zhuge Liang's former residence, erected a monument, and asked Li Xing to write a sacrifice text, "(Li) Xingzhi is in (Liu) Hongfu, Hongli Zhuge Kongming, Yang Shuzijie, so that Xingju is a text, very reasonable." (Book of Jin, Li Mi Biography, appended to Zi Xingchuan, written by Fang Xuanling, etc., zhonghua bookstore editorial department point school: "Jinshu" vol. 88 "Filial Piety", Zhonghua Bookstore 1974 edition, page 2276) Wang Yin's "Shu Ji" records: "Jin Yongxingzhong, Zhennan general Liu Hongzhi Longzhong, Guan Liang's former residence, Li JieBiaolu, And Order tai Fu To be Li Xingwei Wen Yue: 'The Son of Heaven ordered me, Yu Qiu Zhiyang, listening to the drum and Yongsi, the light of the relics of Shu Xianzhe, the distant view of Denglong Mountain, the hometown of Shi Zhuge Ge. (Chen Shou, Pei Songzhi's Notes, Zhonghua Bookstore Editorial Office Notes: Notes on the Three Kingdoms, Vol. 35, Shushu Zhuge Liang's Biography, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1982 edition, p. 936) It can be seen from the account that Liu Hong's monument to Zhuge Liang's former residence on the north bank of the Han River, so it is said that it was in "Qiu Zhiyang", so this former residence belonged to Nanyang County at that time, specifically Deng County at that time, and later Xi Chisel's account in the "Spring and Autumn of the Han Dynasty" further proved this, that is, "The Liang family was in Deng County, Nanyang, twenty miles west of Xiangyang City, The number is long. (Chen Shou, Pei Songzhi's Notes, Zhonghua Bookstore Editorial Department Point Proofreading: Notes on the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 35, Shushu Zhuge Liang's Biography, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1982 edition, p. 911) According to the Notes on the Water Classics, "For more than sixty years, five years of Yongping, Xi Chiseled Teeth was also mingled for his house" ("Notes on The Water"). The era number of the "Notes on the Water Classics" is erroneously recorded, and it is generally believed that it is the fifth year of Taihe (370), which is 66 years from the first year of Yongxing. Liu Hong was the assassin of Jingzhou, and Xi Chisel was a Xiangyang person, and the two lived in Xiangyang for a long time, so they knew the nearby Zhuge Liang's former residence, and what they worshipped was a place, which was not the same place as Xiangyang Longzhong in the han jiangnan today. However, this place is very close to today's Xiangyang Longzhong, twenty miles away from the xiangyang city at that time.

Judging from the records of the two men, Zhuge Liang once lived in a place not far north of the Han River from present-day Xiangyang Longzhong, and once there were houses that survived, this residence belonged to Deng County, Nanyang County during the Three Kingdoms period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and today belongs to Xiangyang, Hubei, but it is not today's Xiangyang Longzhong. In the accounts of Wang Yin and Xi Chisel, the place is indeed the former residence of Zhuge Liang, but no related account of the Three Gu Maolu is seen in their records. When Northern Wei Li Daoyuan wrote the Notes on the Water Classics, he sat down with the three Gu Maolu and said:

In the middle of the east path of the water, in the north of the old mansion of Li Kongming, Liu Chanyun said: "The three gu subjects of the former emperor are in the grass, and the ministers are in the affairs of the world." That is, this house also. Riding on the Pei kingdom Liu Jihe's town Xiangyang Ye, with the qianren Li An to view this mansion, ordered An to be a mansion Mingyun: "The Son of Heaven ordered me to be in the sun of the churn, listen to the drums and think forever, and the light of the legacy of The Ancestors." After more than sixty years, five years of Yongping, Xi Chiseled Teeth was once again inscribed on his house. (Li Daoyuan, Chen Qiaoyi School Certificate: "Water Sutra Annotation Certificate", vol. 28 , "Chu Shui", Zhonghua Bookstore, 2007 edition, p. 662)

Judging from the textual narrative, on the surface, it seems that Li Daoyuan wrote about the former residence of Zhuge Liang that Liu Hong and Xi Chisel had worshipped, and in the form of a dialogue between Zhuge Liang and Liu Chan, he declared that the place was the place of the Three Gu Maolu; "that is, this house is also", the scene is strong, it seems that the two were talking in Zhuge Liang's old house. After Zhuge Liang joined liu bei group, would he talk to Liu Chan in the former residence in this way? This is suspicious. Carefully examining the meaning of the text, it was found that the former residence here is not the former residence north of the Han River, since the Han River is "north of the old house of Li Kongming", then it is located in the south of the Han River, which is inconsistent with the geographical narrative of "The Son of Heaven ordered me to be in the Sun of The Dragon". The former residence of Zhuge Liang in Li Daoyuan's Notes on the Water Classics is no longer the place described by Wang Yin and Xi Chisel, although he drew on the materials of the first two in the written material. This shows that from the Jin Dynasty to the Northern Wei Dynasty, the former residence of Zhuge Liang near Xiangyang in people's conception has undergone a change, from the north of the Han River to the south of the Han River, that is, today's Xiangyang Longzhong. Although the two places were very close, they belonged to different administrative divisions during the Wei and Jin dynasties, the former belonging to Nanyang County, and the latter belonging to Nan County. Although today both places belong to Xiangyang.

Fourth, Hubei was once home, and the three Gu were in Nanyang

From the analysis of existing documents, it can be seen that the Wuhou Ancestral Hall in Xiangyang Longzhong has a long history as a memorial site for Zhuge Liang's cultivation and the three Gu Maolu, but it is not the location of Liu Beisan Gu Maolu, and its appearance is related to a former residence of Zhuge Liang not far away. During the Three Kingdoms and two Jin Dynasties, no literature associated it with the Three Gu Maolu. Strictly speaking, it is regarded as the site of the Three Gu Maolu because of the loose record of the Northern Wei Daoyuan's Notes on the Water Classics.

According to Volume V of the Commentary on the Chronicle of Nanyang Prefecture of Ming Jiajing, "When Hou (Zhuge Liang) died at the beginning of his death, he asked for a temple, but did not listen, and the people made private sacrifices on the Dao mo because of the seasons... After the death of Shu, the generals such as Huang Quan and others were already in Wan, and other clans should be dependent on each other, so Nanyang had the so-called Zhuge Nunnery of the Hou Ancestral Hall, which also meant that the private sacrifice of the Stranger was also the same. (Yang Yingkuixiu and Zhang Jiamou's annotations "Ming Jiajing Nanyang Fuzhi School Notes" vol. 5 "Ritual Code", Nanyang Regional History Compilation Committee reprinted the Republic of China in 1984, p. 9) It is like nanyang county seat in present-day Nanyang City, Henan Nanyang Wollongong Wuhou Ancestral Hall appeared shortly after Zhuge Liang's death, related to Huang Quan, and initially belonged to the nature of private sacrifice. Huang Quan (黄權), courtesy name Gongheng (公衡), was a native of Langzhong, Brazil, liu bei was engaged in zhizhong when he was the king of Hanzhong, and Liu Bei declared himself empress dowager of Eastern Wu, who vigorously opposed it, and was later forced to defect to Wei and worship the general Of Zhennan. After receiving Zhuge Liang's fierce letter, he built Zhuge Nunnery in Nanyang Zhuge Liang's cultivated land and sacrificed it when he was young. After the fall of the Shu state, some other Shu generals also moved their clans to the vicinity of Zhuge An to mourn. Zhuge An, also known as Zhuge Lu, was once famous for a long time, and there is a so-called "Nanyang Zhuge Lu, Western Shu Zi Yunting" (Liu Yuxi's "Buried Room Ming").

As far as historical events are concerned, Liu Beisan Gu Maolu is a historical truth, and the place where the event occurred has uniqueness; but the legend of The Three Gu Maolu and Zhuge Liang's life of cultivating have gone beyond the true and false level of simple historical events, and as cultural and spiritual wealth, they have been printed in the depths of the history of Nanyang, Henan and Xiangyang, Hubei, and have become an inseparable and important component of the local people's historical and cultural identity, sense of belonging, and even regional culture construction; in any case, measured by the uniqueness of the truth and falsity of the place where the historical event occurred. Judgment pales in the face. Zhuge Liang defected to Liu Biao with his uncle Zhuge Xuan at an early age, and soon after his uncle died, he began to study and cultivate, so there was more than one former residence. Any belief in one former home and denying it elsewhere is inconceivable. Zhuge Liang Xiangyang lived, Nanyang also lived, both places have homes, both are equally important. Although the Three Gu Maolu occurred in Nanyang, the cultural identity and spiritual inheritance contained in Zhuge Liang's story of cultivation and the legend of Liu Beisan Gu Maolu belong to the two families.

When Gu Jiaheng wrote a couplet at the Wuhou Ancestral Hall in Wollongong, Nanyang, "The heart is in the imperial court, the original is the lord before the lord; the name is high in the world, why should it distinguish Xiangyang Nanyang", this Xiangyang person and the fifth nanyang prefect must have felt the conflict between the cultural identity between Nanyang and Xiangyang in his heart. This couplet is not only a strategy for reconciling contradictions and compromises under the conflict of cultural identity and belonging, but also contains a kind of insight beyond the uniqueness of the authenticity and falsity of historical events, suggesting the inheritance of spiritual culture and having its own unique regularity. Just like the popular legend of Wang Mang chasing Liu Xiu down the well in Nanyang, although Liu Bei may not have been to these places, there is no lack of conflict between the storylines between various places, but the cultural connotations they contain are endless.