"Chang'an Twelve Hours" is a twenty-four-hour ancient anti-terrorism suspense drama, all the plot should be completed in 24 hours, watching such a plot is sometimes very anxious, but when it began to air to the sixteenth episode, when Li Bi and Xu Bin went to the paper mill, to be honest, I watched it with my eyes closed.
Looking at it, the plot becomes "put the new bamboo in the pond for a hundred days", "after the green is sent here, boiled in lime water for eight days and nights", "then taken out and rinsed, repeated many times, after about twenty days of effort, into coarse material", "then pound this bamboo into fine mud", "only take the fiber, too long and too short too thick and too fine" "Shake the fiber on the bamboo curtain evenly, dry and molded".
Lao Tzu wants to see the anti-terrorism, wolf guard, dry war film, and as a result, you gave me this "XX soy sauce to dry for one hundred and eighty days".
The author of "The Twelve Hours of Chang'an" wants to tell us not only about counter-terrorism, not only about the politics and culture of the Tang Dynasty, but also about the black technology of the Tang Dynasty.
The prosperity of the Tang Dynasty was largely based on the great progress of the scientific foundation, and without these black technologies, the Tang Dynasty really might not be so interesting.
This article will talk about the black technology that appeared in the Tang Dynasty, that is, Xu Bin's paper made of bamboo.
The big case technique, the equal field system, and the rent modulation are inseparable from paper
In this episode, because of the problem of Zhang Xiaojing's identity, Li Bi also had doubts about Xu Bin, so he followed Xu Bin all the way to the paper mill, Jing Ansi was solving the case, and as a result, Xu Bin did not handle the case well, but when he arrived at the paper mill, it was simply not showy.
At that time, Li Bi also suspected that Xu Bin was doing business, and as a result, Xu Bin's acting skills exploded, and because the papermaking in front of him was almost asleep, he was suddenly shouted to the spirit, and it was really the output that all depended on the roar.
Xu Bin's implication is that the Datang Without Paper is still called what is prosperous, this logical relationship is confusing in the eyes of many people, is it true that the situation is so serious when going to the toilet without paper?
It is estimated that Xu Bin also saw the confusion of the audience, so he took the initiative to explain the problem of the big case.
The so-called big case technique in ancient times should not be, it should be Ma Boyong teacher brought the current big data algorithm to the Tang Dynasty, let Xu Bin use, this algorithm needs detailed data, big data, no data is actually a kind of nonsense.
What is the relationship between the big case and paper?
In this, Xu Bin said that the term rent is vulgar, this system is actually a tax system implemented on the basis of the Tang Dynasty's Juntian system, and the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty has no necessary relationship with paper, but it has a lot to do with the Juntian system.
It can be said that the system of rent adjustment and the system of equalizing the fields complement each other, and during the Tang Dynasty, the system of equalizing the fields continued to be implemented, and the land was divided among the small farmers according to the number of people, and the land was owned by the state, and after a certain period of cultivation by the peasants, its ownership belonged to the peasants.
Grant 100 acres of land to each man. Among them, Yongyetian is 20 acres, and Koufentian is 80 acres. On this basis, the law of rent adjustment is implemented, which stipulates that 2 stones of millet are sent to the state every year for rent; 2 zhang of silk, 3 pieces of cotton (or 5 feet of cloth 2 zhang, 3 pounds of hemp), for the adjustment; 20 days of service, called regular service, non-service 3 feet (or cloth 3.75 feet) per day, is mediocre.
The combination of the equalization of the field system and the rent adjustment, the people have land, but also to bring taxes to the country, the Tang Dynasty's rent adjustment allows the people to bear the tax slightly less than the previous generation, so the people can live and work in peace, the Tang Dynasty also ushered in the Kaiyuan prosperous era.
However, during the Tianbao years of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, there was a "Ding Kou turning to death", not the old name; Field acre transfer, non-old amount; Rich and poor rise and fall, not the old first. ''
The reason for this phenomenon is because of the collapse of the accounting system, the so-called accounting system is that the government understands the actual situation of the people through registration and registration of the people, as the basis for taxation.
However, the world's household registration has not been created for a long time, and even those who died in the border are not expelled from the country, and the household department collects rent according to the old nationality, and the local government evenly distributes the rent adjustment of the false ding households to the poor peasants who have not fled, forcing more peasants to flee, so that the rent adjustment can no longer continue.
Xu Bin said affectionately that because there was not enough paper, the data could not be updated, and the accounting system collapsed, not only was the big case technique not good, but even the rent and mediocre system and the equalization system could not be implemented.
This is a good logical closed loop that links paper to the success of the rise and fall of the state.
What level did the tang dynasty papermaking technology develop to?
Paper is one of the four major inventions of ancient China, has been leading the world, from the current data, the spread of Chinese papermaking has driven the development of world science and technology culture.
As the first country to invent paper, China was already able to use hemp to make paper during the Western Han Dynasty, and it could use bark to make paper in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and papermaking technology had achieved a stage of rapid progress by the Tang Dynasty.
The progress of papermaking technology in the Tang Dynasty is first reflected in the abundance of papermaking raw materials, in addition to the hemp and bark used in the Tang Dynasty papermaking period, there are hemp, chu bark, mulberry bark, vine bark, Ruixiang skin, wood hibiscus bark and bamboo.
However, hemp paper is still the main paper grade, and its manufacturing technology has reached the peak stage. In addition to using rags as raw materials, hemp paper is also directly made of wild hemp fibers. China's wild hemp is relatively rich, abundant raw materials, the use of wild hemp to make paper, on the one hand, reduce the production cost, on the other hand also expanded the production area, so that the production of hemp paper in the Tang Dynasty has been greatly developed.
Secondly, in the improvement of papermaking quality, the quality of paper is of course the thinner the better, the greater the toughness, the better, the paper made during the Tang Dynasty, the quality is very good, according to Pan Jixing's "Four Great Inventions of Ancient China, One Source, Transmission and World Influence" article, the paper made in the Tang Dynasty, generally between 0.05 mm and 0.14 mm, the thicker paper is between 0.15 mm and 0.16 mm, and the thicker paper is rare, and the thickness of the Wei and Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties paper is 0.15 mm to 0.2 mm. Therefore, Sui and Tang paper is thinner than the previous generation, and Europeans could not even make tang dynasty paper in the century.
Third, the papermaking of the Tang Dynasty was not only thin and of good quality, but also the paper was larger, and it was able to make particularly long paper during the Tang Dynasty. For example, Tao Yi's father was a tang zhaozong, and the family "stored a hundred pieces of paper, as long as a horse of silk, light tight and thick white, called the capital Yang white." "It is said that when paper is made, papermakers add a liquid purified from certain plants to the raw material, and adding this liquid can increase the lubricity of the paper and make the paper larger."
As for some plants, it is carefully recorded in the "Sequel to The Miscellaneous Knowledge of Decoction": "Whoever stirs the paper must use the yellow marshmallow stem leaves, and the new mashing party can be plucked, and if there is none, it will be sticky and cannot be uncovered." If there is no yellow sunflower, it can be used with star fruit vine, mold leaf, and wild cattail, but it is not sticky. “
Finally, the improvement of papermaking technology in the Tang Dynasty was also manifested in the use of paper. Tang Dynasty paper can be divided into raw paper and cooked paper according to its use, and the "Later Records of Shao" says that "the Tang people have raw paper, cooked paper, cooked paper Yan Miao glow, raw paper is not used for mourning." ”
Cooked paper is often used in life, and provincial paper is only used in funerals, which can be seen in the Tang Dynasty, because of the development of papermaking technology, not only can the living enjoy it, but even the dead have borrowed the light.
Why is the use of bamboo paper called the black technology of the Tang Dynasty?
According to the "Twelve Hours of Chang'an", in the early Tang Dynasty, paper was actually enough, but it was not enough to use it.
Rattan paper was popular in the early Tang Dynasty, and rattan paper had been used as early as the Jin Dynasty, and it was only in the Sui and Tang Dynasties that it developed to its peak.
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the culture developed rapidly, poetry flourished, the examination of scholars, and the prosperity of the paper industry was more promoted, and when Zhang Xiaojing caught the wolf guard in the text, he burned Cen Shan's poetry collection, which made Cen Shan very angry, which also showed the development of the Tang Dynasty paper industry on the promotion of cultural development.
Rattan paper was welcomed by the market because of its excellent quality, and there were rattan paper production all over the country at that time, especially in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places. According to historical records, Infant Prefecture, Hangzhou Yuhang and other places were rich in rattan paper and offered it to the imperial court as a tribute. "Baby State Dongyang County, on." Tugong Mian, Kudzu, Tangfu, Rattan Paper...", "Hangzhou Yuhang County, on." Tugong white weaving, row hanging, rattan paper..." Among them, Yufeng Village in Yuhang County "produced good rattan paper' at night.
Because of the excellent quality of this paper, it was widely used in the social life of the Tang Dynasty, and Lu Yu once pointed out in the "Tea Classic" that tea leaves should be "stored in the thick white seams of carved rattan paper, and the hot tea will not let go of its fragrance." ”
Not only was it popular among the people, but even the Tang Dynasty government used rattan paper as a paper for official documents, and Li Zhao wrote in the "Hanlin Zhi": "Whoever gives, conscripts, declares, and punishes the edict, uses white rattan paper to comfort the army with jute paper... Fan Taiqing Palace and Taoist Temple recommend the confession text, using green vine paper. ”
The praise in the market has led to an increase in the price of rattan paper, and paper makers have cut down a large number of ancient vines in order to make more rattan paper, resulting in a decline in the number of vines and less and less raw materials, so that Shu Yuanyu has an article of "Sadly Carved Creek Ancient Vines" to lament the disappearance of the vine forest of hundreds of miles in the carved creek.
After the Middle Tang Dynasty, the amount of rattan paper decreased, and the price was expensive, which did lead to a paper shortage in the Tang Dynasty.
Teacher Ma Boyong grasped this pain point of the Tang Dynasty and brought it into his works, which can also be regarded as a serious responsibility for the history of the Tang Dynasty.
After the production of rattan paper plummeted, Xu Bin invented bamboo paper in the "Twelve Hours of Chang'an".
Historically, bamboo as a raw material for the production of paper appeared in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and the use of bamboo to make paper was a major breakthrough in China's ancient papermaking technology.
Among the fine works of paper listed by Li Zhao in the "Supplement to the History of the Tang Kingdom" is bamboo paper, "the paper has Yuezhi carved vines and mossy abdomen... Shao's bamboo note. ”
According to the "Miscellaneous Records of Yunxian", when Jiang Cheng was 10 years old, "the father was bitter and paperless, and Cheng nai burned chaff and lin bamboo for the father." Cheng small characters Hong'er, the township number Hong'er paper. "10-year-old children can already use bamboo to make paper, which shows that the use of bamboo paper in the Tang Dynasty has been quite popular."
Before using bamboo to make paper, most of the papermaking was made of plant skin (rich in fiber) as a raw material, which was very wasteful, and using bamboo to make paper, you can use the whole bamboo as a raw material.
More importantly, bamboo relative to other raw materials, production speed, raw materials are more abundant, it is precisely because of the invention of bamboo paper, China's ancient papermaking technology has made significant progress, the West with bamboo papermaking later than China more than a thousand years later.
summary:
The development of papermaking during the Tang Dynasty not only brought progress to Chinese civilization, but also had a profound impact on the development of world civilization.
Of course, the text borrows Xu Bin's mouth to state that if there is enough paper, the Tang Dynasty's accounting system will not collapse, and the Basic Economic System of the Tang Dynasty will not collapse. In fact, this is a bit naïve, any scientific and technological progress can promote the development of society, but it can not determine the direction of history.
The reasons for the collapse of the Tang Dynasty's Juntian system are various, not a sentence of "not enough paper" can be shirked, the more important reason, or should be attributed to the rulers, here to talk about black technology, will not analyze the reasons for the prosperity and decline of the Tang Dynasty.