48 episodes of large-scale Tang Dynasty Chang'an anti-terrorism "Chang'an Twelve Hours" has been updated to 43 episodes, setting off a wave of heat, vertical and horizontal from this drama to everyone to interpret more than a dozen issues of Tang Dynasty literary and historical knowledge, people do not say much, this article is still "Chang'an Twelve Hours" as a guide, from Xu Bin's creation of the big case to see the Tang Dynasty's household registration system.
What kind of ghost is "Big Case Trick"?
"The Twelve Hours of Chang'an" has created a lot of very surprising ancient black technology, such as "Wanglou Transmission", which is surprising, was there really such a communication technology in ancient times?
Compared with the "Wanglou Transmission", the "Big Case Technique" created by Xu Bin of Jing'an Si is a bit unbelievable, and regarding the case, I believe that most of the students who have attended middle school have learned liu Yuxi's "Chaotic Ears without Silk Bamboo, Labor Form without Case" in Liu Yuxi's "Buried Room Ming".
The case here is the general term for ancient official documents, which is used to record information and other content.
The so-called great case technique, set in the "Twelve Hours of Chang'an", can be based on the file case to speculate the truth, predict the future, this statement seems to be somewhat suspenseful.
"The Twelve Hours of Chang'an", in the original work, said: "When we were founded in Jing'ansi, the location was changed several times, and finally it was set at Guangdefang. Here there is a Jingzhao Mansion in the same place, which is convenient for the case to read. ”
In the Jing'an Division, most of the work is scriveners, so it can be seen that the big case technique is actually the management of data, the application of archives, and the "Xu Bin" in the Jing'an Division is the best at excavating useful information in the archives, and calls it "big case technique".
Could it be that there were already big data applications in ancient times?
Let's look at a passage in the book investigating Long Bo, "With the help of the Great Case Technique and the Zoroastrian household registration, he quickly found a suspicious person. This person is called Long Bo, from Guizi, who has been a city citizen in Beijing for twenty years since the beginning of the new century, and in the same year he entered Zoroastrianism, lived in Huaiyuanfang, and has been single. The records of the offerings show that in the past six months, he has increased the number of offerings to the Zoroastrian Shrine, and he has been specially praised for this. ”
It can be seen that the big case technique is actually not a simple data integration, but an information retrieval technology, the scribe in the Jing'an Division is not calculating, but according to the database, searching, and finally finding clues, is not equivalent to the current big data.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong of the State of Qi formulated production policies through the statistics of agricultural production information, which created a precedent for the use of case files in ancient China.
The relationship between "big case trick" and household registration
To use data, you must have data, as I said earlier, the big case is not actually data operation, but information retrieval and integration.
Files and case files are the basis of search. This point can still be achieved in ancient times, China has always attached importance to the retention of materials, Sima Qian, when writing the "History", specially included a "Biography of Cargo Breeding", which recorded the operation of handicrafts and agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, mining and other industries at that time, and played an important role in promoting the economic development of later generations.
The household registration system is actually the most important case in ancient times, and it is also an important management tool for ancient rulers.
The household registration system is one of the most distinctive social systems in ancient Chinese society, and it is also an important tool for successive rulers to manage the people, through the household registration system, the government can better grasp the land and population situation in the jurisdiction, and on this basis, manage the people.
Judging from the excavated oracle bones, as early as the Shang Dynasty, there was already a population registration system, which was called "Dengren" or "Dengzhong". But at this time, it cannot be called a household registration system.
The real sense of the household registration system was the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, when countries mobilized civilians to perform military service in order to promote annexation wars, and later gradually developed into a system of grass-roots administrative and social management. In the Shang martingale transformation method, it is emphasized that "the strong country knows thirteen numbers: the number of cangkou within the (realm), the number of strong men and strong women, the number of old and weak, the number of officials and soldiers, the number of people who take food by words, the number of people who benefit the people, the number of horses, cattle, swords, and manuscripts."
By the time of the Han Dynasty, the household registration system had developed a rudimentary form, and the household registration book should record the residential address, age, appearance, skin color, occupation, and property status of the head of the household. For example, in the 38th Jian Jian of juyan Han, it is recorded: "Henan County Xingyang Taoyouli Gongcheng Zhuangpan, 20 years old, seven feet and two inches long, black." ”
Ban Gu recorded in the Book of Han: "The great rate is ten miles and a pavilion, and the pavilion is long; Ten pavilions and one township, the township has three elders, ranks, shifu, and youyi. The three elders are indoctrinated, the husbands and wives listen to lawsuits, collect taxes, and follow the prohibition of thieves and thieves. ”
It can be seen that China's ancient household registration system has been in the process of continuous development.
The household registration system of the Tang Dynasty was closely linked to the land system and the tax payment system
Teacher Ma Boyong set the "big case technique" in the Tang Dynasty, which is still a wise move, the Sui and Tang Dynasties were also the mature period of the development of ancient household registration in China, and a complete legal system was formed in the early Tang Dynasty in the management of household registration.
The Tongdian records the Tang Dynasty Order: "Each household is a hundred households, five miles is a township, four families are neighbors, and five families are guaranteed." One person per mile, palm press the hukou... The household in the world is ninth class. Three years and one household registration, where three books, one stay county, one to the state, one to the household department. ”
In the Tang Dynasty, the land implemented the equalization system, which was very dependent on the registration of the population, so the government in the early Tang Dynasty was very strict about the registration of household registration, and even needed to "look at the reading" in person, and in the formulation of the "hand reality", the so-called appearance reading is similar to taking photos at the police station now, in the Tang Dynasty, after the thinning can not be replaced.
This point is also expressed in the "Twelve Hours of Chang'an", or in the time of Cha Longbo, "Tianbao Erzaidi City nationality has been re-registered once, but Longbo's account is still twenty years old. There was an old household official who was keenly aware of this small flaw. The household registration should be written clearly, and if the old book is not created, it may be impersonated. ”
It shows that this kind of population registration in the Tang Dynasty is quite troublesome, and on average, a "census" is required once every three years, in order to prevent some people from evading taxes and evading taxes, and the population leaves the household for no reason, and even stipulates in the "Tang Law Neglect": "Those who leave the household, the parents are apprenticed for three years; The non-serviced person is reduced by two grades, the female household is reduced by the third grade, and the offender is increased or decreased by three grades, and the offender is reduced by one and the second sentence is added to the first class, and the increase or decrease of the non-exemption from military service and the omission of the non-service without service is one mouth, and the sin is suspended for one and a half years, that is, less than four rods and sixty. ”
Strict household registration management directly paved the way for the tax payment of the Tang Dynasty, the Tax System of the Tang Dynasty was a rent modulation, "rent" refers to the state allocating land to the people to cultivate the land, the people pay a certain amount of rent during the period of receiving the field, and return the land to the state when they are old; "Yong" refers to the labor that individuals need to undertake, and work for the country for free for a period of time every year; "adjustment" refers to the people's annual tribute to the imperial court.
In order to cooperate with the implementation of the land endowment system, the local government has established a strict accounting system, similar to the current household registration system, in which the state and county officials record the household registration information of the territorial population and the information of Zhuangding, and the birth, old age, illness, death, and relocation need to be registered, and are divided into nine grades according to the amount of property of each family, which is rebuilt every three years.
The impact of the collapse of the household registration system in the Tang Dynasty
In the Tang Dynasty, the household registration system, the land system, the equal land system, the tax system, the rent adjustment system, was actually complementary, and the government distributed a large amount of unowned land to small farming according to the number of people, and after a certain period of cultivation, the ownership was given to the peasants.
Each male Ding is granted 100 acres of land, of which 20 acres of Yongye field and 80 acres of mouth field.
On this basis, the peasants were required to pay a certain amount of tax, that is, the method of rent adjustment: 2 stones of millet were sent to the state every year for rent; 2 zhang of silk, 3 pieces of cotton (or 5 feet of cloth 2 zhang, 3 pounds of hemp), for the adjustment; 20 days of service, called regular service, non-service 3 feet (or cloth 3.75 feet) per day, is mediocre.
The strict household registration system in the early Tang Dynasty ensured the operation of the equalization system and the rent system, strengthened the Tang Dynasty government's control over population and land, and promoted the recovery and development of the Tang Dynasty economy.
However, with the development of the commodity economy, the population mobility was greatly enhanced, and the household registration system of the Tang Dynasty could no longer adapt to the development of the economy, and during the Tang Xuanzong Tianbao years, there was a "Dingkou turning to death, not the old name; Field acre transfer, non-old amount; Rich and poor rise and fall, not the old first. ''
By the twenty-ninth year of the new century, the Tang Huijiao recorded: "The states under the heavens, each year and a group of appearances, not only based on the year of the change, there are books to rely on, there are even troubles, not from the simple!" From now on, each small group should stop and stay until three years of fixed account, and the appearance of the group is temporary. ”
It can be seen that in the case of the collapse of household registration, the government is also gradually relaxing household registration control to compromise.
The government does not have strict control over population and land, but there is no basis for paying taxes, the world's household registration has not been created for a long time, even those who have died on the border are not expelled, the household department collects rent according to the old nationality, and the local government distributes the rent of the false households to the poor peasants who have not fled, forcing more peasants to flee.
Taxation according to population is actually beneficial to the rich and unfavorable to the poor, and in the case of the polarization of the gap between the rich and the poor in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the land system, household registration system, and tax payment system of the Tang Dynasty are no longer in line with the development of society, and finally after the Anshi Chaos, it collapsed completely.
summary:
In fact, in the process of changing the social system in the Tang Dynasty, the government began to adopt a relaxed attitude towards household registration, which reduced the personal restrictions of peasants and improved the status of peasants.
The household registration system also gradually developed from the original simple control of the population to the control of property during the Song Dynasty, which further liberated the peasants who were bound to the land, provided a huge amount of labor for the development of the city, and further promoted the development of the commodity economy.
This is not xu bin's mouth, because there is no paper, the collapse of the tang dynasty household registration system led to the failure of the big case, a change in the social system is inextricably linked to the development of the times, the so-called "big case trick", is based on the personal restraint of the people, not a good art.
PS: In the current episode update, the horse's foot has been revealed, and Xu Bin is the one behind the scenes, probably because he wants to blow up Li Longji and then let the prince implement the new policy, which is actually the later two tax laws. By the time of the Song Dynasty, the household registration system was more mature, providing a steady stream of labor for the prosperity of the cities of the Song Dynasty.