In recent years, with the advancement of technology and forensic technology, many abducted children have been able to reunite with their biological parents, and paternity testing technology is the most critical technology and step.
In paternity testing, there is a branch technology called "prenatal paternity testing". Prenatal paternity testing, also known as embryonic paternity testing and fetal paternity testing, refers to the use of genetic technology to identify the biological sense of the fetus. The technique collects fetal cells from amniotic fluid or villous tissue, and calculates a patriarchal index by identifying the fetus's DNA and comparing it with another person's DNA to determine whether there is a biological blood relationship.
At present, the demand for "prenatal paternity testing" is increasing, but some people call it "loyalty killer", what are the stories in this?
Paternity testing is inseparable from risk
Although paternity testing sounds high-tech, it is not a new invention in recent years, it has appeared as early as the 90s of the last century, when it was mainly used in the judicial community to provide evidence.
With the development of society, the demand for clear parent-child relationship in society without the need to resort to law is increasing, so this business has been opened to some medical institutions and oriented to social services.
Prenatal paternity testing, as the name suggests, the test object is the fetus in the pregnant woman and another man, there are no special requirements for pregnant women, as long as the gestational age is more than 4 months, the maternal-fetal health, no contraindications, the necessary routine preoperative examination, sampling samples can be identified.
The DNA of men and pregnant women is generally extracted from the blood, and the fetal DNA needs to be extracted from the amniotic fluid, and a uterine puncture is performed, which is one of the dangers of this test. If the pregnant woman has contraindications, such as inflammation, abnormal coagulation function, etc., generally will not be pumped, or first treatment and then draw; before surgery, the placenta position will be observed with B ultrasound, and the amniotic fluid is also operated under the supervision of B ultrasound, trying to avoid damage to the fetus. In addition to contraindications, this procedure also has a miscarriage risk of about 0.5% to 1% (national average), which is mainly caused by the stress response of pregnant women and the fetus itself to stimuli.
Because paternity testing often needs to be applied to the judiciary, accuracy is the most important issue, so paternity testing technology is not rumored to be changing rapidly in practical applications, and the technology of using maternal blood to obtain fetal genes has not yet been available, let alone widely used.
Risk can't stop the search for the truth
Although the appraisal institution will explain the risks of prenatal paternity testing to the client before accepting the entrustment, once the application is made, the client is almost never deterred by the risk.
This is because many clients are inseparable from the fact that they are cheating, multi-sex partners, etc., the parties are often very depressed in their hearts, and they cannot tell, the psychological pressure has greatly exceeded the 1% risk of miscarriage, after thinking about it, they finally decide to do the appraisal in order to try to feel at ease as soon as possible, or make a choice. Otherwise, when the child is born, once the man finds out that the child is not his own, he will lose room for maneuver.
Generally speaking, pregnant women take the initiative to come more often, generally will not bring their husbands, otherwise no matter what the identification results are, it is equivalent to telling him that he has cheated; and most of the people brought are "third parties", who are often unwilling to provide documents and are unwilling to fill in their real names.
It is not difficult to infer that the pregnant woman's client has had extramarital sex on the one hand, and on the other hand, he does not want to destroy the current marital relationship, so he pushes back: as long as the fetus is not a third party, it must be the husband's.
According to the staff of the appraisal center, there was once a client who brought a person for the first time, and the result was not his. A few days later, she brought another man in for the test, and neither did she. She brought a third person with her to determine the parent-child relationship. And these three men are not her husbands. Some clients are unmarried mothers who want to find out who the biological father of the fetus is, while others need evidence of pregnancy after rape.
The man takes the initiative to come, the situation is more complicated: the most common is to suspect that the wife is cheating, some are "second milk" after pregnancy is worried that it is not their own flesh and bones, and some are that the man has mental disorders. There was once a pregnant woman and two men who came at the same time, and both men claimed that the fetus was their own, and in order to compete for this woman and child, the two men could not stand each other, almost fought, and had to turn to scientific means.
Some people are happy and some people are sad, and the identification may not be 100%
Most people are very relaxed when they get the results, as if they have let go of the big stone in their hearts. There are also people who get the results, do not know what to do, sit for half a day and do not want to leave, how to persuade can not be. Once the child is not the husband's, how to explain to the family, divorce, induction of labor, or long-term concealment of the facts are all difficult for women to face.
Some couples get the results, the husband still does not believe that the fetus is their own child, because its "patriarchal index" is only 99.98%, he asked why not 100%. In fact, the value of the patriarchal index reaches more than 99.97% can be determined paternity relationship, if only the genes of a single parent are compared, the probability is even lower, if it can be compared with the genes of the father and the mother at the same time, the patriarchal probability obtained will be higher and more accurate.
The main reason is that the gene loci are not representative enough: some people have special family gene loci, and they can be passed on to their children, and the probability of getting is high, and some loci are very ordinary, and the patriarchal probability is low. For example, the gene of ABO blood type is very common in the population, and the representation is low; if the RH blood type is negative, it is very rare, and the fetus can inherit it, the representativeness is relatively large, and the parent-child relationship is more certain.
Some pregnant women will bring their boyfriend or husband's blood and hair to the test. Technically, the oral mucosa, hair with hair follicles, bones, semen, etc. can be used to do paternity test samples, but the samples that come with them, such as hair falling on the bed and pillow, are difficult to guarantee that it must be someone, and the blood collected by the self-collection may be contaminated, and there are also people who specifically frame others. Therefore, the appraisal body may issue a result based on these samples, but the results do not have legal effect. If it involves legal evidence collection and criminal aspects, it is not possible to bring your own sample, and the staff must check the identity and personally take the sample.
The Moral Impact of Paternity Testing
According to rough statistics, about 70% of the fetus is not brought by the pregnant woman, because usually the person brought by the pregnant woman is not the husband, that is, 70% or 80% of the fetus is still the husband's biological son.
Some people think that the phenomenon of increasing prenatal paternity testing is a low social morality, but in fact, this is not objective. From the social and moral level, most of the clients do not have "loyalty" to speak of, but also can not be judged by "low morality", after all, the reasons for extramarital sex occur are many and very complex, such as some people are not sober, forced and other states of relationship with people and pregnant, afterwards regret, can not remedy, and it is difficult to "confess" to the husband, need technical help. On the positive side, even if pregnant women have had immoral behavior, but after worrying about who belongs to the fetus, to identify, reflecting that they still attach great importance to the current marriage, care about their husband's feelings, do not want marriage, feelings are destroyed, have the meaning of repentance and remedy.
Of course, the degree of openness of the current social concept of sexuality may be far more than we think, and the number of commissions has increased year by year, which is reflected in the fact that 20 years ago, this technology was only used at the level of judicial evidence.
However, it is not paternity testing techniques that have led to family breakdowns and induction of labour by pregnant women, which are cruel to the fetus, but concealing the truth is tantamount to depriving the husband of his reproductive rights, which is tantamount to cruelty to the husband. Chinese has a strong concept of succession, and it is inhumane to trick her husband into raising a child that does not belong to him.
Some people refer to prenatal paternity testing as a "loyalty killer", but in the end, it is only a technical means, and it can only test whether the woman's body is loyal, and it reinforces the meaning of men's parental rights. For men, fidelity to the feelings of both sexes remains powerless.
Therefore, before facing marriage, all people are best to sort out and solve the problems well, and have sufficient psychological and physical preparation. Don't leave the trouble until after marriage, hurt your husband, hurt your children.