Introduction: In the thirteenth century of history, Mongolia rose like a great demon and destroyed countless countries. In addition to conquering the Jin, Western Xia, Southern Song and other regimes around them, it was the Western Expedition. A constant westward attack along the steppes of Central Asia. The Khwarazm, the Arab Empire, and the Slavs all became defeated generals, and all the way to Europe, they almost became a huge empire with four ocean outlets. Genghis Khan divided the seals according to his four sons, Shuchi, Chagatai, Wokoutai, and Torre. On this basis, it gradually evolved into a large Mongol Empire with an area of more than 30 million square kilometers composed of four khanates and the Yuan Dynasty.
Several of the great khanates mainly included the Golden Horde (also known as the Chincha Khanate) established by the Shuchi lineage, the Chagatai Khanate, the Wokoutai Khanate, and the Hulagu Ilkhanate established by the Torre lineage. As for how the Great Yuan Dynasty established by Kublai Khan collapsed, we have all learned how the Ming Dynasty Hongwu Long Live pushed to the Great Yuan, and we will not elaborate on it. Let's focus on the process of the establishment and fall of several other khanates.
The Golden Horde of the Shuchi lineage
In 1225 AD, when Genghis Khan divided the fiefdoms, the eldest son, Shuchi, was in the northwest of the empire. In 1236, the second son of Shuchi, Batu, commanded the "Eldest Son Army" to march west, and by 1240 had conquered the Rus' principalities established by the Chincha steppe, the Caucasus, Bulgaria, the Volga, and the Slavs in Eastern Europe. The borders of the Khanate roughly included: east from the irtysh river west, west to the Dnieper River, south to the Black Sea, the North Caucasus and other places, north to the Arctic Circle.
After the establishment of the Nervous Khanate, a relatively complete political system and a great Khan succession system were established, so it was relatively stable. However, the Mongol custom of dividing fiefs was also passed down within the khanate, and after Battu became khan, he again divided the hereditary fiefs of his 13 brothers and their descendants. These fiefdoms had armies and formed semi-independent states subordinate to Battus and his descendants. How can you say that such a division does not weaken the strength of the central government? It can be said that the sub-feudal system greatly weakened the strength of the khanate, and it was easy to fight in the past few generations.
This system of sub-feudalism did not happen when the central government was strong, and once the central khanate declined, it would be as unable to control its vassal states as in the history of the Eastern Zhou. In the 14th and 15th centuries, due to the raids of the Timurid Empire and the decline of the internal central government, the rich areas of the Golden Horde became independent: Khwarazm, Siberian Khanate, Kazan Khanate, Crimean Khanate and other independent states. The Golden Horde territories are already a small part known as the Great Horde.
Defeated by the Muscovite Principality in the late 15th century, the Muscovite Principality took the opportunity to break away from the Kinhorn system of vassals. It was not until the beginning of the 16th century that the last Han of the Golden Horde was defeated and destroyed by the Crimean Khanate. Most of the splintered khanates of the original Golden Horde were annexed by rising Tsarist Russia.
The miserable Wokoutai Khanate
Since Genghis Khan passed the throne to Wokoutai at that time, in principle, except for the direct subordinate to the central government, it was Wokoutai. Therefore, the fiefdom given to Wokoutai is the smallest. They all felt that they were sweating and could be deadly and corrupt, and no one in Search Yi went back to their hometown to clean up. Later, when the Khan's throne was transferred to the Torre family, the Wokoutai Khanate was tragic.
From Wokoutai to Guiyu to Haidu, the three generations of grandchildren have not seriously managed their own hereditary territories. Therefore, no effective political system and inheritance system were established, so the Wokoutai Khanate had the shortest state of the country, only more than eighty years. The territory included part of the western part of the former Western Liao Empire and the territory of the former Barbarians, namely the upper Irtysh River and the area east of Lake Balkhash.
Kiyu is a rice bucket, and his son Haidu is OK. When Guiyu died, the position of the Mongol Great Khan was transferred to the Torre family. Haidu had to run his own khanate in his hometown, until his son Chaba'er was defeated and fled to the Yuan Dynasty for his involvement in the chagatai clan's khanate. The Wokoutai Khanate was annexed and destroyed by the Chagatai Khanate.
The Chagatai Khanate, the longest in the country
The Chagatai Khanate was gradually expanded and developed in the fiefdoms of the Chagatai lineage, and was founded in 1222. Because the Chagatai Khanate occupied the rich river region, it attracted the covetousness of various lineages (the Golden Horde, the Wokoutai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and even the Yuan Dynasty all fought the idea of Chagatai).
Eventually, the Chagatai Khanate split into the Eastern Chagatai Khanate and the Western Chagatai Khanate due to civil strife. The Western Chagatai Khanate practiced farming and sedentary life; the Eastern Chagatai Khanate practiced a typical Mongolian nomadic way of life. Later, Tamerlane established the Timurid Empire on the basis of the Western Chagatai Khanate.
The Eastern Chagatai Khanate was established in 1348 and replaced by the Yarkand Khanate in 1514. If you feel that the Eastern Chagatai Khanate is unfamiliar, then our Ming Dynasty history books usually call it Yili Chali.
In fact, the Yarkand Khanate was also founded by Sayid, a descendant of Chagatai, who knew that in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, it was destroyed by the ambitious Dzungar Khanate of The Great Han Kaldan. In this way, from the Yuan Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the Chagatai Khanate of chagatai descendants was over. The time span is more than 400 years, and it is the longest series of the four great khanates of China.
Ilkhanate
The founder of the Ilkhanate was Hulagu, Kublai Khan's brother. During the reign of Möngkedang, Hulagu's Western Expedition reached almost Africa, at which point Möngke Khan was shot dead while attacking the Fishing City of the Southern Song Dynasty. Only in the war between Kublai Khan and Ali Buge for the Great Khan did Hulagu join Kublai Khan's side and was given a fief by Kublai Khan in Western Asia. Hulagu established the Ilkhanate on this basis.
In the 14th century, the Ilkhanate was divided by civil strife and was finally destroyed by the rising Timurid empire and incorporated into the Timurid Empire.
I am the emperor of history, and you are welcome to pay attention to it; if there is a flaw, you are tired of the axe.