It mainly refers to a type of military document used by ancient rulers or a certain party in the war before the war to conscript, edict or denounce, by publicizing their own justice, exposing the evils of the other side, so as to seize the moral opportunity, carry out political attacks, and consolidate the morale of the army. Tanwen is a special style of practicality and literature, extending from the initial military field to the field of literature and history, and is an applied style that has left a strong mark in the history of ancient Chinese literature.
There are two kinds of words: broad and narrow. The broad sense refers to the government documents used in conscription, justice, military, etc.; the narrow sense refers to the military documents that specifically refer to "'Invigorating our might, violent enemies are comatose'".
The "Wenxin Carved Dragon" has examined the origin of the Text: "In the past, Yu Yu was first ordained in the country, and after the Summer, he took an oath to the army, and outside the military gate of the Yin Oath, zhou would cross the blade and swear by it. To the Zhou Muxi Expedition, the priesthood father said that the ancient order of the mighty concession, there was a message of warning, that is, the origin of the qi also. ''
During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were constant disputes between the princes, and in order to better combat the enemy, the princes attached great importance to "the division is famous". Because if you occupy the moral height, you can promote your own military might, boost the morale of the enemy, and reveal the enemy's inhumanity to the world, so that the balance of victory in the war will tilt toward the side. Therefore, in the spring and autumn period of the Warring States period, usually both sides would first write down words exposing the other party's unkindness and highlighting the justice of the other side to warn the enemy first, and then use force. For example, when the Duke of Qi Huan launched the War of Conquest of Chu, Guan Zhong exposed in his pre-war text that the State of Chu had the fault of "not entering the Gong Bao Mao", which made the State of Chu poor in reasoning and morale greatly reduced, and the State of Qi easily defeated the State of Chu.
It is often called the three major genres of war, together with the transfer text and the lubu, and they are both related and different. It is issued against the opposing side in combat or about to go to war, and is mostly used for denunciation and conquest, with sharp words and emphasis on promoting one's own sins. The text is usually used for internal discussion, persuasion, more exhortation and reproach, the language is milder, and the emphasis is on changing the other party's opinion. Lubu, on the other hand, is a word of goodwill for our army, and its main function is to boost the morale of the enemy, and there are not many aspects of exposing the evils of the enemy.
First, the structural characteristics of the text
The opening paragraph of the text indicates the identity of the requisitioner or the enemy, such as "For Yuan Shao Yu Prefecture" "For Yuan Shao Yu Prefecture" "Zuo General Led Yu Prefecture Thorn Shi County State Shou" is the identity of Liu Bei, the person who was informed; the end of the text usually ends with some statements showing authority, such as "Move The Prefecture County, Xian Makes The Messenger Hear", and so on.
Cao Cao
The structure of the text is roughly divided into three parts. The role of the first part is to summarize the whole text, expound the argumentative views of the text, and mostly use philosophical language to lay the theoretical basis for the following denunciations or exhortations. For example, the first part of Chen Lin's "Yuzhou for Yuan Shao" is: "Gai Wenming's main intention is to control the change, and it is difficult for loyal subjects to establish power. It is because there are extraordinary people, and then there are extraordinary things; There are extraordinary things, and then extraordinary deeds. ''
The second part is based on the first part, discussing the justice of the party, exposing the evils of the other side, and analyzing the situation faced by the two sides, focusing on the facts and discussing the facts. For example, the second part of Kui Huan's "Moving the County's State" lists Wang Mang's three major crimes of rebellion against heaven, against the earth, and against people, and exposes and criticizes his tyranny in depth, and analyzes it in a rational and well-founded manner.
The third part of the text is usually based on exhortations, showing the benevolence of the party, persuading the other party to "know the times", and advising the other party to submit. At the same time, it will also be coerced and induced in this part of the text, and will use conditions such as "If you can make sincere contributions, show merit, be rich and glorious, be righteous and obedient, if you do not reach the luck, dare to refuse the king's master, and punish and forgive the enemy", and strive to obtain the greatest benefits at the lowest cost.
Yuan Shao and Cao Cao
2. The content characteristics of the text
The Wenxin Carved Dragon says: "The general body of all the people, or this Xiu Ming, or the harshness of the other." The content of the explanatory text is mainly to praise the truth, goodness and beauty of one's own side, and to accuse the enemy of false evil and ugliness. The ancients sent troops to conquest to pay attention to the correctness of the name, the righteousness and courage, and the division was famous. In order to achieve this, TanWen closely combined the depreciation of the enemy with the promotion of self, and with the posture of a righteous teacher, he repeated the enemy's crimes, publicized his own military prestige, boosted morale, and gave the enemy a psychological deterrent. Kui Huan ruthlessly exposed and criticized Wang Mang's crimes in "Moving the County", pointing out that Wang Mang committed "slow insults to heaven and earth" and went against the grain. Killing the emperor, usurping the throne and other heinous crimes. This article also made a specific analysis and demonstration of several of Wang Mang's major crimes, which greatly damaged the morale of Wang Mang's army.
Usually, the enemy's charges are partly facts and partly crimes imposed on the enemy. Therefore, in terms of content, the text must have a certain degree of authenticity, but also a combination of falsehood and reality, and can use exaggeration and speculation to fabricate charges against the enemy. But this kind of weaving can not be too honest, but also high-sounding, impeccable. As Sima Guang said: "The Jin Dynasty wanted to cut down Qin, so it first counted the sins of Qin, and the book cover of the future generations began from here. However, this book is mostly a slander against Qin, and later generations (檄文) have made false accusations, and the cover has since begun. ''
In Yuan Shao's crusade against Cao Cao, Chen Lin counted Cao Cao's accusations, accusing Cao Cao of "placing General Qiu Zhonglang and Touching Lieutenant Jin, breaking the coffin naked, plundering the golden treasure, passing through the turmoil, and not revealing any skeleton", which obviously has an exaggerated element. But this article reached Cao Cao's hands, and Cao Cao was so frightened that his head did not hurt. Because this article imposed on Cao Cao the crimes that made the people of the world heinous, it was easy to arouse the public indignation of the people of the world and pave the way for Yuan Shao to fight against Cao Cao. Liu Xun believed in "Wenxin Carved Dragon" that Chen Lin's article was written with a straight face, although it was a bit "slanderous", but it achieved a good effect of attacking Cao Cao.
The wild history of Cao Cao's tomb robbery and gold excavation is endlessly recorded, indicating that Cao Cao is very likely to have done such a thing, but as for whether there is a ' passing through the turmoil, no skeleton is not revealed', it is very difficult to say. Chen Lin's essay skillfully combines truth with exaggeration, which is not just a fabrication and a complete fabrication; it also exaggerates the facts, arouses the public indignation of the people of the world against Cao Cao, and achieves the effect of exposing the ugly deeds of the other party and not giving people the truth, showing Chen Lin's writing skills of one of the "Seven Sons of Jian'an", allowing Yuan Shao to seize the opportunity of public opinion, and embodying the characteristics that the content of the text can "coexist with virtual and real".
Third, the artistic characteristics of the text
Liu Xiu
1. The style is majestic, the emotion is strong and strong, and it is infectious
The style of the text is mostly majestic and strong, imposing, emphasizing the preemptiveness of the people, righteousness and sternness, both generous in speech, so that the listener's mood is excited, but also emotional, full of incitement, the other party has a sense of shame. Only by achieving the effect of arousing the people's indignation and moving the people's feelings can it be regarded as a majestic and flying good article.
2. Use a variety of expression techniques such as contrast and dictionary
It is also a literary work, which can consciously exaggerate facts and express the emotions of the past in a more intense rhetorical way. Ordinary kumon is characterized by conciseness and accuracy, and rhetorical techniques are not used much, but they have a strong literary nature, and the use of rhetorical techniques is very common. Chen Lin's "Yuzhou for Yuan Shao" fully uses the technique of contrast and flattery, comparing the praise of Yuan Shao's kindness with the various sins of Cao Cao's control of the government, which is a typical contrast and exaggeration.
Liu Xiu begged Wang Mang
Tanwen also likes to use allusions and historical materials to express the views of the party. This kind of dictionary is dominated by stylistic characteristics and motivations for writing, and is an expressive technique to enhance the persuasiveness and appeal of the article. Wang Wei's "Chuan Jingzhou" contrasts the heavy pupil Of Xiang Yu with the one-eyed Xiao Xuan, which not only ridicules Xiao Xuan's physical defects, but also uses the story of Xiang Yu's defeat of Wujiang to allude to the inevitable failure of Xiao Xuan, which is a good example. Although this article is a few figures, it has been extremely effective.
3. Use exaggeration to expose the immorality of the enemy
For the sake of military struggle, the text often portrays himself as the embodiment of justice and benevolence, and portrays the denounced enemy as a brutal and evil image. This method of exaggerating and portraying the brutality and evil of the enemy is simple and practical, sets a target for public opinion attacks, can arouse the righteous indignation of the people all over the world, and win the support of the people. Both Wang Mang and Cao Cao in the denunciation are portrayed as representatives of cruelty and inhumanity, and the purpose of attacking the enemy is achieved by ruthlessly exposing his humanity, family lineage, moral integrity, and even personal privacy.
Zhong will cut shu
Fourth, the practical characteristics of the text
Directly applied to political and military activities, it is a style of official document that serves political and economic interests, and practical utilitarianism is its fundamental feature. It is a tool of military struggle, and in certain circumstances, it can even play the role of "a soldier who surrenders without fighting".
Before the Battle of Chibi, Cao Cao wrote a letter to Sun Quan and sent it to Eastern Wu. The letter said: ''Those who are close to him are condemned to the sin, and Jing Qi nan refers to it, and Liu Chun binds his hands.' Imabari's water army of 800,000 people, Fang and the general will hunt Wu. This is not an ordinary letter, but a miniature article that implies murder. Cao Cao first pointed out that "'Bong resigns and cuts down crimes'", and the teacher is famous, so he is invincible and the unification of the whole country is just around the corner. The phrase "will hunt" is a show of force and a psychological war against Dong Cheng. This article greatly affected the morale of Eastern Wu and brought great psychological pressure to Eastern Wu Chen. After receiving the letter, most of the ministers, led by Zhang Zhao, advocated surrendering to Cao Cao, and if Lu Su and Zhou Yu had not firmly fought the main battle, perhaps the Battle of Chibi would not have happened. Cao Cao's Liao Liao words almost brought Jiangdong back, which shows the powerful role of The Text in deterring the enemy and attacking the heart politically, and can also see the strong practicality of the Text.
Although every dynasty existed, literarily speaking, the comprehensive level was the highest at the time of the Han and Wei dynasties. Kui Huan's "Moving the Counties and Telling the County", Chen Lin's "For Yuan Shao YuZhou", Zhong Hui's "Shu Shu Wen" and Huan Wen's "Hu Wen" are regarded as the highest level of The Qi Wen, and also marked the peak of the military Tan Wen during this period. Kui Huan's "Moving the Counties to tell the Kingdom" was written on the occasion of the crusade against Wang Mang in the first year of the first year. This "Moving the Banner to the County" scolded Wang Mang for "slowly insulting the heavens and the earth, rebelling against reason, killing Emperor Xiaoping and seizing his throne." Correction of the Mandate of Heaven, forged rune books, deceived the multitudes, angered God, teased the gods, and. The bamboo of Chu Yue is not enough to write its evil. This article shows Liu Xiukuang's determination to restore the Han Dynasty and comfort the people, "each one has its own place", and this article has achieved the purpose of informing the people and winning the people's support by exposing Wang Mang's crimes. After the edict was issued, many prefectures and counties fell to Liu Xiu, making a great contribution to Liu Xiu's establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Zhong Hui's "Shu Wen" was written in the fourth year of Wei Jingyuan when Zhong Hui and Deng Ai divided their forces to attack Shu. When The Zhong Hui army and Jiang Wei held the Sword Pavilion, Zhong Hui wrote this article to inform the generals of the Shu State. He used the words "The people of Bashu Prefecture are divided and garrisoned, and it is difficult to control the division of the world; the Marquis of Gu and the discouraged qi are difficult to oppose the battle of the halls", to promote Cao Wei's military might; and to "go to the danger of tired eggs, it will be the blessing of eternal peace." Isn't it beautiful? If you steal peace and night, you will not rebel, and as soon as the soldiers are released, the jade will be shattered. Although he wanted to repent, he did not have time to go and state his interests to the people of Shu. Zhong hui extinguished Shu, and this article also played a considerable role. It can be seen from these texts that the role of the texts in disintegrating the morale of the other side and winning the public opinion of the world is self-evident through "'Stirring up this mighty wind and violently combusting the other side'". At this time, the text has focused on the world and won the support of the people of the world, and the stylistic function of the text has basically been fixed and matured.
Fifth, the reference of the text to today
The battle of public opinion represented by the text is "cultural attack", which serves the "armed equipment" and is backed and based on the "armed equipment". Only by cultivating the "armed equipment" and having strong military strength can the "literary attack" be easily effective; otherwise, blindly speaking quickly and using words and words will not only be of no help, but will actually humiliate themselves and laugh at the world.
In 1661, Zheng Chenggong commanded a large army to besiege the castle held by the Dutch colonists in Taiwan, and sent the general Li Zhong to announce the surrender, that is, the "Letter of Surrender of the Governor of the Overthrowing Dutch Army", warning the Dutch leader to surrender:
"Defeated and harmonious, there are ancient lessons; there is no end to the situation, and the wise are ridiculed."
The Dutch army did surrender 5 days after receiving the book, and the role of this letter of surrender cannot be ignored, but this effect is only possible under the condition that Zheng Chenggong's army has been besieged for a long time and the Dutch colonists are cornered.
There are many examples in history of relying on the empty pen to avoid failure, such as the aforementioned Qing court's "Declaration of War on the Eight-Nation Alliance", and cao Cao's commentary on Chen Lin's "Yuzhou Wen for Yuan Shao":
''Whoever has a literary affair must use force to help him.' Although Chen Lin's literary affairs are good, what is the inadequacy of his martial arts such as Yuan Shao's? ''
It's a to the point.
Historical experience is a valuable asset that can be used as a reference for future generations, but drawing on it must proceed from innovation, closely link the changing and developing background of the times and the rapidly changing battlefield conditions, and creatively develop the experience of predecessors in order to receive the effect of victory and attack.
Ancient Texts not only pay attention to language art, but also pay attention to propaganda strategies, such as overall planning, attacking the enemy's weakness, distinguishing objects, differentiation and disintegration, showing false disturbances, inducing deterrence, etc., so that it can firmly grasp the psychology of the audience and the weak links of the enemy and achieve the expected purpose. In today's era, society is developing rapidly, and the style, content, and role of the chinese (including the variations of the chinese text) have undergone tremendous changes compared with ancient times, and the scope of public opinion warfare is broader, the requirements are more stringent, and the means are more flexible and diverse. Only by conducting in-depth research, making bold innovations, and flexibly applying various technical means, offensive and defensive tactics, and tactics of struggle can we make this ancient language 'dead wood meet spring'' on the battlefield of the new era, and make the ideal prophecy of "passing on the trees and determining them" create a new military miracle of the century.