Read the Zizhi Tongjian: "Both Han and Yan are kings. King Wuling of Zhao refused, saying, "No truth, dare to deal with its name!" 'Let the people of the country call themselves kings'.
King Wuling of Zhao expressed his views on the king
Entering the Warring States, the princes and states regarded Zhou Tianzi as nothing and called them kings one after another, but the "Historical Ni Theory" believes that there are many kings, but there are many people who follow the crowd, and there are few people worthy of the name, which can be roughly divided into several categories:
1, Wei Foreign strong in the middle of the cadre, called the king only for the brush sense of existence;
2. The original name of the State of Qi is no longer consistent with the current strength, in order to call Wang Zhao's strength;
3, South Korea, Yan country strength is not good, as a foil, belongs to the crowd.
First, Wei and Qi want to be kings, and Lahan and Yan are used as foils
Han and Yan have no reality, but why are they called kings. Throughout the period before and after Qi, Wei, and Qin became kings, especially after Qi and Wei Xiang, the State of Chu frequently provoked incidents. In this case, in order to reduce the pressure, the State of Wei co-opted Korea and became king. Similarly, the State of Qi also urged the State of Yan to become king.
It is true that Han and Yan called kings "in name only" as King Wuling of Zhao said, but there is a reason why the Warring States Era will set off a wind of kingship, so let's start from the beginning.
1. Under the leadership of Wei Wenhou, the State of Wei carried out state reforms, realized the prosperity of the country and the strengthening of the army and the great rule of the country in a very short period of time, and leapt to become the head of the princely states at the beginning of the Warring States and dominated the world.
The rise of the State of Wei caused the neighboring State of Qin to suffer a lot, and the State of Qin was powerless to fight back under the strong military pressure of the State of Wei. At the beginning of Qin Xiaogong's reign, in the face of the broken mountains and rivers, the country was weak and the people were poor, he painfully thought about it, changed the past ruling style of the Qin State, and issued an order to seek merit. In this context, Wei Martin, who served in the State of Wei, entered Qin with the "Order of Seeking Merit" of the State of Qin.
Qin Xiaogong's efforts to dispel the public opinion, Qian Gang's dictatorship, and boldly supported Wei Martin in presiding over the change of law in the Qin State, and with ten years of merit, he made the Qin State change.
The State of Qi in the East, since the "Tian Dynasty Qi", the State of Qi has repeatedly appeared on the international stage relying on the prosperity of the country and the strength of the people. When he arrived at the King of Qi Wei, he relied on his strong wrist to make the country of Qi look new. The State of Qi sharpened its swords and ho ho closely watched the international situation and was ready to try a battle against the overlord Wei State.
At the time of the quiet rise of the State of Qi and the State of Qin, King Hui of Wei, the third-generation monarch of the State of Wei, was still obsessed with unifying the Three Jins.
Just as the State of Qi was preparing to try the cattle knife, in 353 BC, the State of Wei launched a military campaign against the State of Zhao and besieged Handan. Taking advantage of zhao guo's request for help, the state of Qi launched the battle of "encircling Wei and saving Zhao" with superb military wisdom, and severely defeated the Wei army at the military town of Guiling.
The State of Wei unsuccessfully cut down Zhao and turned to Cutting Han, and in 341 BC, the State of Wei took Pang Juan as its general to cut down Han. The State of Qi again inflicted a similar blow on the Wei army in the Battle of Maling, not only fulfilling its promise to save Han, but also capturing Prince Shen and forcing the leading general Pang Juan to commit suicide. After these two battles, the State of Wei was seriously injured.
The Battle of Maling had just ended, and what Wei Guo did not expect was that this battle had awakened the Qin State, which had been silent for many years, eager to try, and was always ready to show its majesty on the international stage.
In 340 BC, Duke Xiao of Qin appointed Wei Martin as the leader of the army to attack the State of Wei. The result of this battle between Qin and Wei was a fiasco for the State of Wei, which suffered two consecutive heavy blows against Qi and Qin, and was unable to fight again, "so that the land west of the Xianhe River was in Qin and Peace", and "An Yi was close to Qin, so he moved to Liang". At this time, King Hui of Wei suddenly understood the seriousness of the situation, and Qi and Qin, which had been regarded as "one weak and one poor" in the past, needed to be re-examined, but it was too late.
Qin defeated the State of Wei, and the King of Wei was horrified
In view of the fact that at this time, the State of Qi was "the strongest than the princes, calling itself the King, in order to order the world", the State of Wei immediately co-opted the State of Qi and honored each other as kings, which led to 334 BC, "The King of Qi and the King of Wei will be the King of Xuzhou". The State of Wei openly honored the State of Qi as king, which meant that the State of Wei had lost its position of dominating the world.
2. The State of Wei was hit by Qin, Qi and other countries, and suffered successive defeats. The Warring States Policy Wei Ce Qi Wei Zhan Yu Maling records that Wei Xiang Huishi offered advice to King Wei Hui, who thought that the State of Wei had already waged war with Zhao, Qi, and Han, so that they had turned against each other, and now the only way to do so was to vigorously develop friendly relations with the State of Qi, that is, to "use Wei and Qi Chu to press the army". At the same time, Huishi also proposed that if he wanted to retaliate against the State of Qi twice to attack Wei, instead of raising troops to attack the State of Qi, he would not put down the frame of the monarch and show weakness to the State of Qi, and even specifically meet with the King of Qi, that is, "it is better to change obedience and bend the knot and go to Qi", so that it will inevitably anger the State of Chu, and at that time, the State of Wei can send an envoy to lobby qi and Chu respectively, so that the two countries can fight, and the State of Chu will definitely attack the State of Qi.
Huishi gave advice to King Hui of Wei
King Hui of Wei praised Huishi for his cleverness. Therefore, the State of Wei hastened to send envoys to the State of Qi to express to the State of Qi that he was willing to submit to the State of Qi and even pay homage to King Qiwei. After Qi Xiangtian received the envoy of the State of Wei, he agreed to the request of the State of Wei. So King Hui of Wei took the Korean monarch and other small monarchs to see King Qiwei.
Mr. Yang Kuan wrote in the "History of the Warring States": In 336 BC, Wei and Han Erjun met with The King of Qiwei and Dong'a County, and the following year they met with Yu Zhen, and the Two Juns of Wei and Han both wore cloth crowns and changed their clothes to meet the King of Qiwei. In 334 BC, King Hui of Wei led Marquis Han Zhaohou and others to Xuzhou of Qi, where he met king Qi Wei and honored king Qi Wei as king, and at the same time, king Qi Wei also recognized that king Hui of Wei's title was the so-called "Xiang Wang of Huixu".
King Xiang of Xuzhou
The State of Qi was "the strongest than the princes, calling himself king", and together with the qi and Wei Xiang kings, under the scenery, it attracted the jealousy of the chu state that was the earliest king, and this was also intolerable to other princely states.
Mr. Yang Kuan wrote in the "History of the Warring States": In 333 BC, Zhao Suhou sent troops to besiege The Wei city of Huangcheng (present-day western Huang County, Henan), and built a Great Wall between Zhangshui and Fushui to prevent the attack of Qi and Wei. At the same time, in order to express his anger at the "XiangWang of Xuzhou", the King of Chu wei personally led a large army to besiege Xuzhou and defeated the army of the Qi general Shen Jiao.
Second, the rise of Qin, calling the king an important task
Let's talk about the rising State of Qin, in 338 BC, Duke Xiao of Qin died, and his son Yingsi took the throne, known as King Huiwen of Qin. King Huiwen of Qin used his superb political wisdom to crack the Martingale of the public, so that the "Law of the Shang King" could be retained.
In the first year of the reign of King Huiwen of Qin, "Chu, Han, Zhao, and Shu" was named after the new monarch of the Qin state, but in fact, it was taken by the power of the rise of the Qin state to explore the future political trend of the Qin state. Immediately afterward, King Huiwen of Qin celebrated Zhou Tianzi in the second year, and in the fourth year, "Tianzi to Wen Wuqi", which was an affirmation of the strength of the Qin state.
The state of Qin was called king, and the two kings of Han and Wei were invited
The state of Qi was "the strongest than the princes, claiming to be the king", but the state of Qin was not backward, and after stabilizing domestic politics, on the one hand, it attacked Zhao, Wei, and Chu with powerful force, and on the other hand, it used Zhang Yi to supplement diplomatic means to wander among the princes, and in 325 BC, Qin Huiwenjun held a ceremony to call the king, and its standard not only referred to the practice of Qi and Wei "Xuzhou Xiangwang", invited Wei and Han to enter Qin, honored Qin Huiwenjun as king, and Qin Huiwen also recognized the title of the king of Wei and Han, and also asked Wei and Han To drive the "summer car" of Qin Huiwen on the spot. King Huiwen of Qin achieved the first reign in the history of the Qin state.
King Hui of Wei drove for King Huiwen of Qin
Third, the "Five Kingdoms Xiang Wang" is actually anti-Qin
After Zhang Yi gained favor with King Huiwen of Qin, Gongsun Yan left the Qin state and returned to his hometown of Wei to stay at home. Later, at the repeated invitation of the King of Wei, Gongsun Yan entered the dynasty as an official and actively participated in the major strategies of the State of Wei, especially advocating the joint efforts of the six kingdoms of Shandong against the State of Qin.
The Warring States Policy zhongshan policy records that in order to unite the princes and states, Gongsun Yan contacted Wei, Han, Zhao, Yan, and Zhongshan in 323 BC to initiate the "Five Kingdoms Xiang Wang". Since then, Han, Zhao, Yan, and Zhongshan have also begun to claim the title of king.
King of the Five Kingdoms
However, the purpose of Gongsun Yan's initiation of the "Five Kingdoms XiangWang" was not to help Zhao, Yan, and Zhongshan become kings, but to unite the five countries against the Qin state, and as a result, the Qi state failed to achieve its wish under the pretext that "the Zhongshan kingdom was too small and had no qualifications to be called king".
Later, the State of Qi wanted to unite with Wei, Zhao, and Yan to force the Zhongshan State to abandon the title of king, but it was unsuccessful, which showed that national strength was the key to whether to be king or not.
The "Historical Ni Theory" holds that although the act of the princely states has the taste of "showing muscles", it is more important to open the curtain on the annexation war of the princely states with the purpose of destroying the country.
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