The Qing Dynasty established by the Manchus was not as developed as the Ming Dynasty in politics, economy, and culture, and its population was far less than that of the Ming Dynasty. Even in military strength, the Qing Dynasty was not as developed as the Ming Dynasty. The reason why Dorgon was able to lead the army to enter the pass smoothly was a certain degree of serendipity, and it was also a blessing of luck. However, if a political power established by a backward nation is to successfully rule a great China, how did the rulers of the early Qing Dynasty do it? This is not a matter of luck.
Today's article, let's talk about this topic.
First, ease contradictions
After the Qing army entered the customs, it hyped up the "Manchu Han family". This propaganda is very important for easing the conflict. Dorgon listened to the advice of Fan Wencheng, a famous minister of the Qing Dynasty, and ordered that "officials should remain in their posts, the people should restore their professions, record their merits, and show mercy to them." That is to say, those who were officials in the Ming Dynasty were still officials and cultivated land, and the land was still cultivated by you. This policy is equivalent to giving the ming dynasty officials and remnants a reassuring pill. The Ming Dynasty is no longer there, and since the new emperor has given us officials to do and not disturb our production, what else is there to resist? Let's go our separate ways!
In the imperial court, although "re-Manchu suppression of Han" was the national policy of the Great Qing Dynasty, Dorgon ordered the establishment of Manchu officials and Han officials in the six ministries of the cabinet, and among the senior bureaucrats such as Shangshu, Shilang, and University Scholars, Han officials accounted for a large proportion. At the local level, there were more governors, inspectors and officials below, and there were more Han officials than manchu officials.
In addition, Fan Wencheng also creatively put forward the view that the Ming Dynasty "actually died in the peasant rebel army". After the Qing army entered the pass, he suggested collecting chongzhen's body for Chongzhen and burying Chongzhen's body thickly, trumpeting that the Qing Dynasty was worthy of Li Zicheng instead of Chongzhen. This propaganda was too important, which made it easier for the ming remnants to accept the Qing regime established by the Manchus.
Second, reuse readers
Huang Taiji attaches great importance to attracting readers. Huang Taiji is a very great person, and he has not only made great achievements in military affairs, but also has a set of rules in governing the country. He reused readers, Fan Wencheng and a number of other readers to give him advice and formulate a system, laying a stable foundation for the Qing Dynasty. After entering the customs, Dorgon inherited the policy of the Emperor Taiji and vigorously used readers. He ordered: "In the Beijing Cabinet, the officials of the Six Ministries of the Imperial Household and the Imperial Household Bureau, such as the Imperial Household Bureau, should all be treated as original officials and should be handled in one body with the Manchu officials." He also sent someone to recruit Feng Quan, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, to award him the rank of university scholar and order him to "handle the machine". The demonstration effect of this move was great, and since then, there have been Ming dynasty officials who have come out to serve the Qing Dynasty. Dorgon also promoted a number of mid-level civil officials of the former Ming Dynasty and gave them the posts of Shangshu and University Scholar. The former Ming Dynasty's Hubu Lang Zhongwei Zhou Zuo, editor Gao Eryu, Shuji Shi Zhang Duan, Shu Ji Shi Cheng Kegong, Zhi Zhongzhong Chen Mingxia, Editor Liu Zhengzong, Jin Shi Du Lide, etc., were all successively appointed to important positions such as Shangshu and Shilang, and finally all were promoted to university scholars.
In addition, the more important one is that after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the imperial examination system was not abolished, and the imperial examination was still held and the examination was opened. For newly admitted scholars, they are vigorously promoted, or even promoted out of the ordinary. This move greatly attracted the readers and stabilized the Qing regime.
Third, reform taxation
In the late Ming Dynasty, the imperial court frantically plundered the wealth of the people, levied and expropriated violently, and made the people unhappy and extremely resentful. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, taxes were varied, and in addition to normal taxes, there were also Liao, Suppressed, and Training Wages. Three plus one piece, several times more than the normal tax, as well as miscellaneous and miscellaneous heavy taxes, suppressing the people's breathlessness. These three taxes, at a glance at the name, know that they were collected for the purpose of fighting a war, but when the money was collected, the battle could not be won, and the official government suppressed the peasant uprising, but the rebel army was more and more; the official government suppressed the Qing Dynasty, but the Qing Dynasty's power was getting bigger and bigger.
After entering the customs, Dorgon was well aware of the harm of harsh taxes to the regime. On July 17 of the first year of Shunzhi, he issued the "Decree of the Regent of the Great Qing Dynasty", announcing to the whole country that the jiapai at the end of the Ming Dynasty would be abolished. The edict says: "From the beginning of the first year of shunzhi, all the extras, such as the Liao, the suppression of wages, the training of salaries, and the summoning of rice beans, are exempted from all." After the Shunzhi Emperor Fu Lin arrived in Beijing from Shengjing, he performed an enthronement ceremony. In the edict of the enthronement, the policy of tax reduction and reduction was reaffirmed again. It is clearly stated that "the money and grain per mu of land shall be requisitioned according to the original amount of the "Accounting Record" of the previous dynasty, and from the first day of May of the first year of the Shunzhi Dynasty, it shall be requisitioned according to the mu." All those who add liao salaries, new salaries, training salaries, and summoning and buying shall be exempted. ”
This is great news for farmers. This policy of Dorgon quickly calmed the people's hearts and minds and played a great role in stabilizing the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
Fourth, rectify the administration of officials
The corruption of the late Ming Dynasty officials was shocking to the eye. This was an important reason for the demise of the Ming Dynasty. After Dorgon entered the customs, with the assistance of Fan Wencheng and other civilian officials, he carefully summed up the reasons for the demise of the Ming Dynasty, saying that "the destruction of the Ming Dynasty was all turned into a trend by greed", and said: "The reason why the Ming Kingdom collapsed was that internal and external officials bribed the public to do it, and the merits were unknown, and it was not clear whether it was right or wrong." "In the future, we must change course and straighten out the bureaucracy.
Dorgon's punishment of corrupt officials was in no uncertain terms. He stipulated that the internal and external officials left over from the Ming Dynasty would no longer be investigated for their previous corrupt behavior, and if they could change from evil to righteousness in the future and be loyal to the Qing Dynasty, they would be given to Feng Lu and enjoy eternal wealth. If it is found that "bribery is paid for personal gain," "it will not be taken lightly, and it will be punished with a show of punishment." In the future, any official who is found to be corrupt, bribery, perverting the law and exploiting small people must be punished as usual and severely punished.
In the first month of the eighth year of Shunzhi, Fu Lin was pro-government, and he concluded in the edict issued: "The imperial court governs the country and the people, and the first thing is to severely punish corrupt officials." Those officials who have become corrupt and habitual must be severely punished. The rectification of the officials after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs was of great significance to stabilizing the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
If you use the metaphor of the Qing Dynasty to enter the customs, then the Qing Dynasty can be called excellent. As the de facto ruler of the regime, Dorgon was undoubtedly a powerful politician, and it was his policies that laid the foundation for more than two hundred years of the Qing Dynasty.