The costume suspense drama "Wind Rises in Luoyang" is a hit, telling the story of Gao Bingcang, a bad deputy commander from the bottom of the Shendu Luoyang, during the Wuzhou Period. Gao Bingzhan once lived in the bad well, which was the underground black market of the divine capital, where it was dark and damp, and it was a hidden corner that could not be illuminated by the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty, and the bad people living there were either untouchables or descendants of sinners, who were as shrewd and fearful as rats in the cave to make a living.
Gao Bingcang, the bad deputy marshal in "The Wind Rises in Luoyang"
What does it mean to be bad, bad, bad to be handsome?
First of all, good people, good people in ancient times generally refer to the common people who are not born of slaves, which is different from slaves and untouchables, and generally refers to kind, virtuous, and innocent people. For example, "Poetry Classic, Qin Feng, Yellow Bird": "He who is in heaven annihilates my good man." "A good person here means a good person. "Water Margin" Lin Chong Niangzi rebuked Gao Yanei: "Qingping World, what is the reason, flirting with good people." "Qingping World, how to lock up my good wife here!" Lin Chong: "What a sin to flirt with a good man's wife!" "These good people refer to innocent commoners or good families, and when they call women, they are called like the so-called good women in the past. Good people are also used by wives to call their husbands, such as Mencius Leaving LouXia: "Those who are good people, look up to and live forever." Li Bai's "Midnight Wu Ge Qiu Song": "He Riping Hu Yu, the good people strike the expedition." ”
Bad means bad and malicious, such as bad teenagers, bad intentions, etc. Bad people, in the original sense, are naturally the opposite of good people, as the name suggests, they are innocent and non-good people, such as ass assooks on the street, rogues in the city, and people with bad deeds.
In the Tang Dynasty, bad people had another special meaning. The Hanyu Da Dictionary (Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 1986) explains "undesirable people" as follows: "The Tang Dynasty government was in charge of investigating and arresting small officials." Jiang Lansheng and Cao Guangshun's Dictionary of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty (Shanghai Education Publishing House, 1997 edition) explained "bad" as follows: "The Tang Dynasty government requisitioned people with evil deeds as small officials who were investigated and arrested, called 'bad'... Its commander is called 'bad handsome'. ”
Ming Dynasty Sun Chengze's "Aftermath of Chunming's Dreams"
Bad handsome on the "Four Libraries Complete Book and Table of Officials of the Past Dynasties"
These interpretations are similar and consistent with ancient texts. For example, sun Chengze's "Yulu of Dreams in Chunming" of the Ming Dynasty said: "In the Tang Dynasty, he was called a bad person, and there was a bad marshal, that is, the great man of Han, Who He Ye, and his name was very strange. "The Qing Dynasty Liang Zhangju's "Title Record" quoted in the "Saying Bell Continuation" is also roughly the same as this text. According to the Dictionary of Chinese Officials: "In the Han Dynasty, those in charge of the forbidden were called 'Great Who', which belonged to the 'Sima Ling of the Bus'. 'Whoever is great,' the Lord asks the extraordinary. The cloud name is who is also. Because it is used as a famous official. Its long name is 'big who is long'. Similarly, in the Tang Dynasty, as a kind of full-time investigation and investigation of criminal officials, most of the people who served in the tang dynasty were bad people with evil deeds, and this position was called "bad people", which is not bizarre. The bad people of the Tang Dynasty were equivalent to the full-time servants and fanzi of the Ming and Qing dynasties, that is, the errands or arrests of detectives, arrests and torture. Bad handsome, equivalent to headhunter. The "Four Libraries and The List of Officials of the Past Dynasties" says: "The so-called 'bad marshals' are now the leaders of the campaign. ”
What do bad people do?
Gao Bingzhan in "The Wind Rises luoyang" is a bad deputy marshal, the same is Ma Boyong IP, Zhang Xiaojing in "The Twelve Hours of Chang'an" is a bad marshal, the image of the two is similar, as the leader of the bad people, they are all doing the same thing - investigating the case and arresting the murderer.
The bad handsome Zhang Xiaojing in "The Twelve Hours of Chang'an"
There are some stories of bad people in the Tang Dynasty, and it can be seen that the full job of bad people is detective, arrest and torture.
There are two stories about bad people in the Tang Dynasty Zhang Que's notebook novel "Chao Ye You Zai". According to the Article of "Wang Xuan", during the Zhenguan period, Li Xingyi, the younger brother of Li Xinglian, the chancellor of the Zuo Dynasty, had a son named Li Zhong, who was born to Li Xingyi's ex-wife, and Li Zhong committed adultery with his stepmother, hid his stepmother in another house, and falsely claimed that his stepmother had been summoned to the palace by the emperor. Li Xinglian did not know the truth, so he told the emperor. When the emperor saw zuo cheng asking for someone from him, he must have been confused, so he ordered a thorough investigation. Li Zhong's stepmother saw that the pursuit was urgent, and sooner or later she revealed herself, so she pretended to be tied up and lying on the street, and then lied to the Chang'an County case-handling personnel who came to interrogate her that someone had deceived her by falsely passing on the holy will, and was stayed for a few days by a person dressed in a purple robe, and she did not know the name of the other party, and then she was tied up and thrown on the street. Li Zhong was also very frightened, secretly going to calculate the gua, "suspected by bad people, and sent to the county." The county lieutenant Wang Xuan, the equivalent of the head of the public security bureau, thought of a way to make Li Zhong and his stepmother confess to the law. In this story, the bad people are the eyeliner or undercover of the government investigating the case, and even the private fortune telling cannot escape their eyes, and once they find the suspect, they can twist the official government.
According to the article "Guo Zhengyi", Guo Zhengyi, a member of the Zhongshu She, was poisoned by the Goryeo maid Yusu, and dozens of gold and silver utensils were also swept away by the maid. Guo Zhengyi reported to the imperial court, "Recorded, edict Chang'an, ten thousand years to catch, bad spine rotten thieves, Ding Boiling for three days did not get." "The emperor ordered the counties of Chang'an and Wannian to urgently arrest the Goryeo maids, and the backs of the bad people were all broken, and the two counties searched for three days, but still did not catch anyone." Wei Chang, the bad coach, has a strategy", he thought of a way, got a clue, a naturalized Goryeo man left a letter to Guo Zhengyi's slave who raised horses, with only the words "There is an empty house in Jinchengfang". "Bad to Jinchengfang empty house, and search for it." In the end, the naturalized Goryeo people, the Goryeo maid Yusu, and the slaves who raised horses were all captured by the bad guys and escorted to Dongshi to be beheaded.
The Tang Dynasty Meng Xianzhong's "Records of the Collected Examinations of The Diamond Prajnaparamitas" records that Tang Yan, a native of Zizhou County (within the territory of Mianyang Santai County), was framed for offending Haoqiang and hid in the home of Zhang Xiyan in Suizhou (Suining City), and Changshi Weiboliang sent bad people to arrest him. Fortunately, it is better to go. Tang Yan then fled back to his hometown.
The Old Book of Tang and the Biography of Yang Shenwei recorded the torture of bad people. The palace attendant Yushi Luxuan arrested Zhang Xuan, the young secretary of the Taifu, and tortured him in every way, but Zhang Xuan just refused to open his mouth, "It is to order the bad shackles", that is, to let the bad people put Zhang Xuan on the shackles. The bad guys were also cruel people, and they used a kind of torture known as "donkey pony pulling" against Zhang Xuan, which was recorded in detail in the history books: "Tripping his feet with the strength of his hands, pressing his feet with wood, his shackles forward, holding his body a few feet long, his waist thin, and his eyes and nose bleeding." Zhang Xuan's iron bones were strong, and he didn't say a word after all.
Why are bad people requisitioned by the government?
Bad people are people with evil deeds and criminal records, so why did the government requisition them to manage public order? One is that bad people are mixed up in the city, and there are many eyes and ears and clues in the rivers and lakes, and they can act as official informants or undercover agents, which will help the government to investigate cases and hunt down fugitives. In addition, most of the bad people are who run rampant in the street market, idle, and over time, it is easy to become a factor of social instability. The tang dynasty government recruited these idle members of society to manage the city, to cure evil with evil, and to cure black with black, which can also be regarded as a means of social management.
Tang Dynasty Wei Xuan's "Tales of Liu Guests"
Since the bad people themselves are not good, and there are many low-quality people, the government requisitions them to manage society, which of course has a negative impact. In the Tang Dynasty Wei Xuan's "Tales of Liu Guests", he recorded an uninhibited and domineering bad person. When Li Mian, the chancellor of Emperor Dezong of Tang Dynasty, was responsible for arresting thieves when he was a lieutenant in Kaifeng County, and to arrest thieves, he had to rely on bad people. This bad man wanted to test whether the new director's means of handling official affairs were lenient or fierce, and how did he do it? He deliberately accepted bribes and deliberately let the director know, which can be said to be a blatant bribery and challenged the bottom line of his superiors. Li Mian gathered his subordinates and openly said: Some of you have accepted bribes, I know, I hope you will surrender within three days of accepting bribes, otherwise you will come to see me with a coffin. The bad guy who accepted the bribe may not have insulted his boss before, he thought that this bureau chief was no different from the previous one, not only deliberately overdue the case, but also gladly took the coffin to see the bureau chief after three days. Li Mian was also not polite, so he let people sprinkle lime and thorns in the coffin, ordered the bad people who had accepted bribes to lie down on their own, and then ordered the coffin lid to be nailed and sent to the Bian River, and then invited the officials who managed the honest government to give the officials a lesson on honest government. Later, when Li Mian was a sorghum emissary, someone asked him, if you still do what the officials do now, what will you do? Li Mian said, who dares to do this, I hit his leg!
Ji Wen in the Twelve Hours of Chang'an
The fact that the government requisitioned bad people did not mean that the imperial court would trust and reuse them. Li Linfu's confidant Ji Wen was also originally from a bad background, and when he was a xinfeng county clerk, the prince Xue Ling saw that he was a talent and recommended him to Tang Xuanzong. When Tang Xuanzong interviewed Ji Wen, he turned to Xue Ling and said, "He is a bad person. It can be seen that the emperor does not trust bad people. Ji Wen did have some skills, and later by virtue of his personal ability, he was appreciated by Li Linfu, who controlled the government, and then became Li Linfu's accomplice in attacking political enemies and weaving courtiers. The Zizhi Tongjian says that Ji Wen and Luo Xiyi, a native of Hangzhou, became a cool official under Li Linfu together, "tempered into prison, incompetent and self-extricating, when people called it 'Luo Ji Net'." ”
The life of bad people is actually quite difficult, it is difficult to be reused, it is difficult to become an official, the status is low, and it has to undergo severe examinations. Due to the special path of officials in ancient times, it may be more difficult for officials to cross the chasm to become an official than to jump the dragon gate of carp. As a pawn, a bad person not only has no hope of becoming an official, but also comes from a lowly background, and the treatment may not be as good as ordinary people. If you don't complete your work, you will also be subjected to corporal punishment.
Professor Song Kaiyu of Shandong University said in the article "'Bad' and 'Bad'" that in the ancient criminal law, not only were the people often punished by the cane ridge for crimes, but even the errand cadres in the official government were often punished by the cane ridge if they could not complete the work within a short period of time. "Sometimes a case cannot be completed within multiple Kobi periods, and after a few canes, the back will naturally be torn."
It can be seen that if the case cannot be solved within the time limit, the thief is arrested, or the assessment cannot be completed, it is also common for the back of the bad person to be broken.
Judging from the duties of detectives, searches, and torture, bad people are similar to arrests, but considering that they are mixed up in the city, there may be no public official authentication identity, more similar to undercover or recruited informants.
Cover news reporter Wen Kanglin
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