The Ottoman Empire was a very powerful country in history, and if the Eastern civilization of the Ming and Qing dynasties had to choose only one representative, I would choose her. Of course, for various reasons, many people get angry when they see Turkey, which is an expression of emotion from a non-historical emotional point of view. But just as I look at history only at historical value, the role of history is not to talk about materials after cooking for us, but more to draw lessons from history.
Being tough is not necessarily wrong, but behind it represents a kind of self-confidence. On the contrary, Song Mingqing's inner forbearance represents a kind of lack of self-confidence. What is self-confidence? It is strong and not proud and complacent, no matter how weak the opponent is, there is a place to learn, and the weak is not self-contemptuous and self-deprecating, and actively admits that it is insufficient to learn from the opponent. In this regard, our "Han and Tang Spirit" is worth learning.
The strength of Emperor Wu of Han, if there is no learning from Lü Hou to Emperor Jing in the forbearance, self-improvement can not have the strength of Emperor Wu of Han. No matter how strong the Han and Tang Dynasties are, at least in terms of clothing and diet, they often "blow up the wind" and blow up, and no one feels that it will hurt their hearts and lead to the collapse of the Hanyi defense. This is a kind of national self-confidence.
Faced with the new enemy of Europe after the "Geographical Discovery", the Ottomans chose to constantly attack and attack
The Zhengde dynasty did not take an appropriate response to the Portuguese occupation of Malacca, one representing the backward vision of the Ming rulers and no motivation to "learn from the outside world"; the other adopting an attitude of "hanging high and hanging high" for allies with "strategic position". On the other hand, this can only show that the vassal state is actually "not worthy of the name" for the Ming Dynasty, and "the vassal state" means "barrier", however, the lack of barrier does not seem to care for the Ming Dynasty.
Song Zhenzong, the founder of Northern Song Thinking, signed the "Alliance of Liaoyuan"
In this regard, we are indeed less resistant than the Ottoman Empire.
With 20 May 1498, the Portuguese sent da Gama to India and pioneered a new route for Eurasian maritime trade. Thus began a century-long competition with the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic, the masters of the "old shipping route". On land, the Ottoman Empire attacked southern and southeastern Europe throughout the 16th century, and basically stopped advancing in Hungary at the end of the 17:00 period to carry out a tug-of-war with Europe.
Emperor Wu of the Han and Tang Dynasties
Corresponding to the era of the Ming Dynasty, the Ottoman Empire has been in a period of rise. Although during the period 1402-1403, due to the defeat of Timur, the domestic rulers fought each other, and their rule fell into a period of chaos. However, since the final victory of Muhammad I (reigned 1413-1421), he took advantage of the civil strife in the Timurid Empire to not only fully restore his homeland, but also continue the Ottoman tradition of fighting against European countries and marching into the heart of Europe.
The Ottoman Empire, which was at the same time as the Ming Dynasty, completely completed its territorial construction, and the powerful empire spanning the three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa entered its peak era. From the time of Yongle the Great to the Ming Yingzong and the Jingtai Emperor, the Ottoman Empire went from having the slight upper hand in the war against Europe to the period when it won its first great victory. The Byzantine Empire, one of the sources of Western civilization, was finally wiped out in a century or two of competition.
The pinnacle of Northern Song thinking, Emperor Huizong of Song
In a place of complexity, blessings and misfortunes coexist
In the Ottoman offensive against Eastern and Southern Europe, in a century and a half of confrontation, the Ottoman Empire achieved a stage victory. This phase continued until the outbreak of the First World War.
After Albania became the territory of the Ottoman Empire in 1415, the Ottoman Empire and European countries constantly collided in the Balkans, and Christianity was overthrown by both Protestantism and Orthodoxy, and by the 16th century, the entire Balkan region became its territory.
On May 29, 1453 (the fourth year of the Jingtai Emperor of the Ming Dynasty), Sultan Mehmed II led an army to invade Constantinople. However, because of the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the rising Principality of Moscow began to call itself the "heir of Byzantium", as the "protector" of the Christian Orthodox Church (Orthodox Church), and gradually grew to become the most powerful opponent of the Ottoman Empire and the biggest promoter of the Ottoman Empire today.
Tang Taizong of the Han and Tang Dynasties Spirit
It is precisely because of the above-mentioned "ideological and religious" banner factors that a perfect "ruling structure" has been built for Tsarist Russia. It was also for this reason that Tsarist Russia used this banner to fight the Ottoman Empire for two hundred years beyond the fundamental causes of expansion. In the Ottoman place, religions and ethnicities are extremely complex, and it can be said that the complex places in the world can surpass their complexity, and to be honest, there is no one. That's why I marveled at how long the Ottoman Empire existed.
Because of the complexity of the region, because of the changing times, the Ottoman Empire may become a masterpiece and a special case.
Conclusion
What should we learn in the long 624-year history of the Ottoman Empire? The main thing is that "fierce competition" can stimulate the real spirit of learning, and what is learned in "competition" is more durable. Therefore, competition is the best way to learn, do not be afraid of competition, can not be afraid of the gap, as long as we can be like Han Tang, not as good as others' humble learning, stronger than others and not complacent, only in this way, we can make the "peak of success" last longer.
Of course, after the Northern Song Dynasty, everyone had a heart for themselves, and only knew that there were interests but did not know responsibilities (the most typical expression of "The League of the Yuanyuan") was too long and too long.
The continuation of the Northern Song Dynasty thinking ming zhengde
It is still difficult for us to know for sure whether and how the mind of the Han and Tang Dynasties can be reproduced. But the problem is, first of all, we have to know for sure what our problem is. That is, we forget that when it is either or, there must be competition, and competition is not only the best time to learn from the strengths of others, but also the best time to reflect our own shortcomings.
Regardless of whether the competition is won or lost, the vast history of China for thousands of years tells us that as long as the world develops to the current stage, as long as it does not give up on itself, no one can defeat us.
To be continued
Zhengde is at ease, and the vassal states are crying: from the history of Malacca, we can see the shortcomings of the Ming Dynasty's internal forbearance thinking
Attached are the nine articles that precede this article, which together constitute the "Ming Dynasty Military Foreign Affairs Movement", and this series of articles will be released one after another.
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