Let's start with a joke. Some people say that Zhu Yuanzhang is grateful to the Yuan Dynasty, just because Zhu Yuanzhang said, "Although the Yuan Dynasty is Yidi, the monarch of China will be a hundred years, and the parents such as Yuan and Qing will depend on it for their birth." The rise and fall of the Yuan is a lucky one, so what is the prediction? "And" (Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty), Zhaoji Shuo Desert, entered the unification of China, and the people relied on peace for more than seventy years. "The Yuanben peasant family, Happy to be born in the world of Youyuan."
Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang.
Because of these specious words, Zhu Yuanzhang transformed from an anti-Yuan righteous soldier and a national hero into a "loyal fan" of the Yuan court in the mouth of some people, and even after he "accidentally" overthrew the Yuan Dynasty, he was still grateful for it. At the same time, they used Lao Zhu as a springboard to praise the Yuan court as a rare prosperity in Chinese history.
First of all, we must find out under what circumstances Zhu Yuanzhang said the above words.
Ding Ugly, issued the Edict of Pacifying the Desert in the world, the edict is: The Peasant Family of Yuanben, Happy to be born in the world of Youyuan. The King of Gengshen, absurd and weak, Ji Gang was defeated. From the merger of Haojie, the sea was divided. Although the Yuan soldiers are out in all directions, there is no salvation from chaos, and this Providence is also. However, those who advocate chaos are the first to bring calamity to the world, and they seek to seize the territory for the king's uncle, and if they look at their deeds, they are not in accordance with etiquette, so they all perish.
When he was twenty-four years old, he took refuge in the end, and finally he was restless, so he entrusted himself to the army and drove for three years, seeing the crowd without success, and disturbing the people. He led the people across the river, trained the generals to train troops, and was conscripted by Fengtian for six years in the present ten years. Cut the rape and violence, mix the day, the great unification is righteous, the people are safe, and the widow of the Yuan is guilty of the border, and the division is tired. On June 10 of this year, the left vice general Li Wenzhong and Zuo Cheng Zhao Yong and other envoys came to play: On May 16, they led their troops north to Yingchang, and obtained the Treasure Book of Li Ba La and his concubines bought by Yuan Jun's grandson, and knew that Gengshen Jun had been killed in Yingchang on April 28. When the army arrived, shuoting was empty. The book says that it is advisable to sacrifice his grandson and his concubines to the Taimiao Temple, and that the death of his king is related to the fate of heaven, and that if he sacrifices his young grandson, he will not tolerate it, and if he is in turmoil under the circumstances of the day, he will not intend to do so, but if he wants to save the whole life of the sick, he will now set the four seas and rest my people in the fields, not the fate of heaven, but also the fate of heaven. Shang worried about the subjects do not know the intention of the emperor, is to spread the world, the left vice general with gifts to buy the Li Ba La has arrived, after the emperor of pity is difficult to with the people and the first chaos to surrender to the special title of Chongli Marquis, the total of his dependents and the mother and other cohabitation diet to take out of the officials and the people, the former king of the Yuan Ancestral Body, do not dare to pass the loss, whoops, the destiny of heaven is common, but Yin is a jian, can not be afraid? He still sent envoys to the anagram of Goryeo Champa in Annam. Ming Taizu Records Volume 53
The level is limited, and the broken sentence can only reach this extent, if there is any mistake, welcome to point it out. This "Edict of the Peaceful Desert" should be understood by most people, and the famous sentence "The peasant family of Yuanben, happy to be born in the world of Youyuan" comes from here.
The fierce battle of the Yuanming army.
Obviously, the main intention of this edict is to give preferential treatment to the concubines of Emperor Yuanshun's sons and concubines of Emperor Yuanshun, who were captured in Hongwu for three years, in order to show favor to the remnant Yuan court, which is still running away from Saiwai, and thus completely disintegrate the former Yuan politically. In other words, this edict full of "feudal orthodoxy" is simply an "official-like article", and the true feelings of Zhu Yuanzhang himself cannot be beaten.
So, what did the real Yuan Dynasty look like? Does it really make people "happy to be born in the world of the Yuan?" ”
The Yuan Dynasty, the first unified feudal dynasty established by ethnic minorities in Chinese history, completely destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty in 1279 and unified China, in 1368, that is, the 28th year of the Yuan Shun Emperor, the Ming Northern Expeditionary Army conquered the Yuan Dynasty (present-day Beijing) The Yuan Dynasty was declared over as a unified dynasty, with a total of 89 years of existence.
Portrait of Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty.
However, in just eighty-nine years of existence, eleven emperors appeared, except for the thirty-one years of the reign of Kublai Khan, the first emperor after the unification of China, and the twenty-eight years of the reign of the last emperor, Emperor Yuanshun (Yuan Huizong Tohuan Timur), and the nearly thirty years in between, there were eight emperors! The average emperor reigns a little more than three years, why is this happening? The struggle between the upper echelons of the Yuan Dynasty after Kublai Khan intensified. As early as the fifth year of Kublai Khan (1268 AD), the Haidu Rebellion broke out in the northwest region, and this rebellion continued until the tenth year of Emperor Yuanchengzong(1306), when Haidu's son Batcha surrendered, and the rebellion was put down.
YuanWuzong Haishan.
When Emperor Yuanchengzong died in 1307, Emperor Yuanchengzong (later Emperor Renzong) staged a coup d'état in Yuan Dadu, killing Emperor Yuanchengzong's empress Dowager Boyuwu Buluhan and ananda the King of Anxi, while Haishan led an army from Mobei south to obtain the right to inherit the throne and ascend to Shangdu as Emperor Wuzong of Yuan. Emperor Wuzong died four years after his reign, the throne was succeeded by Aiyu Li Bali Bada, for Emperor Yuanrenzong, Emperor Renzong reigned only for ten years, after his death by Emperor Yingzong Shuode Bala, after Emperor Yuanyingzong succeeded to the throne, he implemented a radical reform policy, resulting in a coup d'état suddenly launched a coup d'état, assassinating Emperor Yuanyingzong on the southern slope, and then Sun Timur took the throne, for Emperor Yuantaiding, during the five years of Emperor Taiding's reign, the Yuan Dynasty was generally fine and the society was relatively stable.
Yuan Wenzong.
However, after the death of Emperor Taiding, the upper ruling class of the Yuan Dynasty broke out into a more fierce struggle, which eventually directly evolved into a civil war. The members of the Wuzong family who occupied most of the capital, Tu Timu 'er (Yuan Wenzong) and Shi (Yuan Mingzong) both attacked Upwards, and the newly succeeded Yuan Tianshun Emperor was defeated and subsequently disappeared. After defeating Emperor Taiding's lineage, Emperor Yuanwenzong ceded the throne to his brother Heshi, however, he died mysteriously only eight months later, and it was not until Emperor Mingzong's son Emperor Yuanshun ascended the throne that he claimed that it was Emperor Yuanwenzong who poisoned Emperor Mingzong. Yuan Wenzong reigned for less than five years, and was succeeded by Emperor Yuanningzong after his death, this minor emperor had actually become a puppet mud tire for people to worship, a puppet manipulated by various forces, who died less than two months on the throne, at the age of seven, after which the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Huizong of the Yuan Dynasty, Began his 30-year-long reign.
Yuan Ningzong.
The more than 30 years of Yuan Huizong's reign were a gradual collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, during which the upper echelons of the Yuan Dynasty were more chaotic, first in the struggle between the emperor and the powerful minister Boyan, and then in the large-scale scuffle of the northern warlords caused by the court struggle, during which Yuan Huizong also gradually degenerated from the original deliberate enterprising to the pleasure of pleasure, until the Ming army came to the capital.
The melee at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty.
On the whole, the entire ruling class of the Yuan Dynasty was in a state of great chaos for the vast majority of the time, and the chaos of the ruling class inevitably led to the inability of government organs to perform their functions, which in turn led to the chaos of the whole society. It is also true that in the final Yuan Dynasty, the raids on the people by corrupt officials and corrupt officials who were attached to the Mongolian Yuan nobility were never effectively curbed, and Lu Shirong, the right hand man of Kublai Khan, was finally found to be corrupt, "twenty-nine thousand one hundred and nineteen ingots, twenty-nine gold ingots, one hundred and sixty-eight silver ingots, tea 12,458 ingots, 15 horses, and 7 pieces of jade", Ahoma and Sango and others were only a lot more than Lu Shirong.
The corruption of lower-level officials is even more shocking, as we all know, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty did not attach importance to the examination of scholars, on the contrary, they preferred to be born in the lower-class officials, these people read less poetry and books, naturally there is no morality to speak of, so they "regard bribery as a trade-off, or more - words and life and death to bless their good people, or help a case and deaf and blind to their officials" "outside and hand over the power of the tycoon, internal control of the official palace, pinch the book." For officials themselves, brothers and nephews, relatives, etc. are placed in the prefecture and county to write and send, up and down traffic, the appearance of adultery, the rise and fall of the word lawsuit. "Officials, who were born in the lower classes, know the local people's sophistication, are good at pulling relationships, and have hands and eyes to the sky, while the vast majority of officials are mercenary people. The cruelty inflicted on ordinary people by these land snakes is unimaginable to our people today. The meta-drama "Dou E'e Grievance" by Guan Hanqing, which appeared in the middle and late Yuan Dynasty, is undoubtedly a microcosm of the dark society of the Yuan Dynasty, which may also be the root of Zhu Yuanzhang's almost morbid hatred of officials.
The decay of the bureaucracy will naturally intensify social contradictions. In the fourth year of the Reign of Emperor Yuanshun, it coincided with the flooding of the Yellow River, and it was not until April of the eleventh year of the reign that Emperor Yuanshun ordered Jia Lu to be the Shangshu of the Ministry of Works, forcibly recruiting 150,000 migrant workers to dig a new river channel of 280 miles, so that the Yellow River went east, and the Hehuai River entered the sea. The river workers were starving and frozen, and the crowd was indignant. At the same time, at the end of the eleventh year, the yuan court also "printed and produced 1.9 million ingots of the Zhongyuan Treasure and 100,000 ingots of the Yuan banknote." This act undoubtedly tightened the noose that had been put on the neck of the Yuan Dynasty, and the indiscriminate issuance of treasure money led to more difficulties in the people's lives, and even reached the point of bartering.
So on the whole, the entire Yuan Dynasty 89 years, there is more than half of the time, the whole society from top to bottom is very chaotic, in the chaotic society, the most hurt are always those ordinary peasants and ordinary citizens who do not have any ability to resist, of course, the "no ability to resist" mentioned here is only because their patience has not reached the limit, once this limit is broken, these people will gather together, set off a huge wave of mountains and seas, and completely crush the entire Yuan Dynasty.
The decadent Yuan Dynasty was finally defeated by the Ming army.
The Red Turban Army revolted.
Speaking of which, go back to Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu Yuanzhang, as a peasant child at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, when he was a teenager, his hometown suffered a famine, his parents and brothers starved to death, and he could not help but become a monk at huangjue Temple, perhaps it was the tragic experience of his childhood that made Zhu Yuanzhang's personality become different from ordinary people. With such an experience, how can you be grateful to the Yuan Dynasty?
Finally, we end with Zhu Yuanzhang's "Imperial Tomb Stele": "In the past, my father and emperor lived in the square, agriculture was difficult, day and night, natural disasters in Russia were popular, and the family members suffered: the imperial examination was finally four out of sixty, the imperial concubine died nine times out of fifty, Brother Meng died first, and the family was mourned." The landlord does not care for me, and he does not care about me, and he does not care about the land, but the neighbor is worried. Brother Kuyi's generosity, favoring this yellow soil, funeral without coffin, body evil clothes, floating three feet, laying he dish pulp. After the burial, the family was panicked, the middle brother was weak, and his livelihood was not open, and Meng Sister-in-law took the child and returned to his hometown in the east. There is no rain in the day, the locusts are soaring, the people are short of food, and the grass and trees are food. What is it that is frightening, but with a brother, how is it constant? Brother Yun went here, and all the degrees of fierce desolation. Brother wept for me, I hurt for my brother, the emperor day and day, weeping and breaking his heart, brothers on different roads, mourning in the distance. This is perhaps the most intuitive description of the "Great Yuan Shengshi" that is now praised by people?