#健康明星计划 #
Sleeping pills, also known as sedative hypnotics, is a class of drugs that have an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system, causing a quiet or drowsy state in small doses, manifested as a sedative effect, a larger dose can induce falling asleep, prolong the sleep time, that is, hypnotic effect, some drugs also have anticonvulsant effects and anesthetic effects. Sleeping pills can be divided into two categories according to different chemical structures, the first type is benzodiazepines, representative drugs are triazolam, midazolam, escolam, alprazolam, lorazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, etc., the second type is non-benzodiazepines, is a new type of sleeping drugs, representative drugs are zalepron, cyclopyrrolidone zopiclone, dexzopiclone and imidazopyridine zolpidem.
Benzodiazepine sleeping pills may show adverse reactions such as headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, mood depression, and urinary disorders. In addition, many sleeping pills with long-acting effects, such as diazepam, nizepam, clonazepam, fluoxepam, flunitrazepam, etc., have a hangover effect, that is, in the morning after taking the drug, wake up feeling dizzy, fatigue, weakness and other symptoms. New sleeping pills, zopiclone and dexzopiclone common dizziness, headache, bitter taste, dry mouth and other adverse reactions. Zolpidem common adverse reactions such as ataxia, clumsiness of hands and feet, mental disorders, and mental depression. Adverse reactions such as dizziness, headache, and drowsiness are common. Excessive use of sleeping pills can cause acute poisoning, varying degrees of respiratory depression, and in severe cases even death.
Long-term use of sleeping pills is prone to tolerance and dependence, manifested as increased dose and physiological dependence, sudden discontinuation or reduction of the dose too quickly will appear withdrawal reaction, common rebound insomnia, irritability, nervousness, etc., rare nausea, depression, ataxia, blurred vision, fatigue, hypertonia, etc., rare confusion, delirium, seizures, mental symptoms, tension and so on. Withdrawal reactions generally occur after 2 to 4 weeks of daily use of long-acting sleeping pills, which can occur in a shorter period of time and to a more severe extent.
Antidepressants are a class of drugs with antidepressant effects, which can not only treat various types of depression, but also have a certain effect on anxiety, compulsion, chronic pain, suspicious diseases and terror. Antidepressants are divided into tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, propimizine, clomipramine, doxepin), tetracyclic antidepressants (mapptillin), selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, citalopram, escitalopram), 5-HT and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine, duloxetine), norepinephrinergic and specific 5-HT antidepressants ( mirtazapine), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (moclobemide), 5-HT receptor antagonists/reuptake inhibitors (trazodones), selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (reboxetine).
Side effects of antidepressants mainly include:
Sedative effect: amitriptyline, sertraline, paroxetine, silopram, esciplopram phthalate, venlafaxine, mirtazarim have a strong sedative effect, eat easy to sleep, for patients with sleep disorders, can help improve sleep, fluoxetine cause drowsiness is weak, can be taken during the day.
Changes in blood pressure: amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, trazodone and other drugs can cause orthostatic hypotension, blood pressure should be monitored during taking the drug, and slow movements should be obtained or moved. Venlafaxine has a greater impact on blood pressure, low doses can cause a sustained increase in blood pressure, patients with hypertension should be used with caution, blood pressure should be closely monitored during medication, if there is a persistent increase in blood pressure, the drug should be replaced.
Weight changes: imipramine, amitriptyline, mirtazarin drugs can promote appetite, change glucose metabolism, lead to weight gain, and even obesity, while bupropion, fluoxetine has a weight loss effect, sertraline also rarely appears weight gain.
Sexual dysfunction: sexual dysfunction is a common complication of depression, manifested by decreased libido, delayed ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, anhedonia, etc., almost all antidepressants may cause sexual dysfunction, of which fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine and cyprophthalein have a higher incidence, bupropion, mirtazapine, nefazodone has less effect on sexual function.
Risk of suicide: fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine are slow to act, and it generally takes 2 to 4 weeks to achieve the best efficacy, affecting medication adherence and increasing the risk of suicide.
Withdrawal symptoms: long-term use of sertraline, paroxetine, venlafaxine and other antidepressants, sudden discontinuation of the drug can appear dizziness, insomnia, anxiety, nervousness, irritability, sensory disorders, headache and other withdrawal symptoms.
Other: A small number of patients may develop neutropenia after taking mirtazapine, which is prone to some infectious diseases.
Antipsychotics are drugs used to treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, which can be divided into the following two categories: the first generation of antipsychotics, mainly including: phenothiazine (such as chlorpromazine, fennazeline, thioridazine), thiazorphthalene (such as cloprotethiatine), butyroylbenzene (such as haloperidol, pentaflolido, etc.), benzamides (such as supride) and so on. The second generation of antipsychotics, mainly including risperidone, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, ziprasidone and so on.
The side effects of the first generation of antipsychotics are:
Nervous system: extrapyramidal reactions, such as acute dystonia, Parkinson's syndrome (tremor, cogwheel rigidity, bradykinesia), akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, etc. It can also cause excessive sedation, fatigue, dizziness, etc. Epilepsy may be induced in individual patients.
Cardiovascular system: orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, bradycardia, ECG changes.
Digestive system: jaundice, abnormal liver function, such as transient transaminases elevation.
Endocrine system: elevated prolactin levels, galactorrhea, menstrual disturbances or amenorrhea, altered sexual function.
Blood system: leukopenia and neutropenia to deficiency.
Anticholine effect: Peripheral anticholine effect is manifested in dry mouth, blurred vision, increased intraocular pressure, constipation and urinary retention.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: manifested by muscle tone, hyperthermia, impaired consciousness, sweating, tachycardia, blood pressure instability, etc.).
Other: Long-term use can cause pigmentation of the skin, cornea and crystals.
The safety of the second generation of antipsychotic drugs has been improved, rarely extrapyramidal reactions occur, less affect cognitive function, is conducive to the patient's return to society, common headache, dizziness, mental atrophy, drowsiness, sweating, salivation, nausea or vomiting, constipation, indigestion, weight gain and other adverse reactions, of which clozapine adverse reactions are more and more serious, such as significant weight gain, blood glucose increase and increased blood lipids.