In the twenty-ninth year of Dading, Jin Shizong died of illness, because the eldest son Completed Yan Yungong died early, so it was rumored that his grandson Completed Yan Jing was for Jin Zhangzong. After Jin Zhangzong succeeded to the throne, he basically continued the governing strategy of the previous dynasty, and under the influence of personal experience and social situation, his concept of "China" was continuously strengthened, and there was a new development on the basis of the "China" concept of sejong's period, which was mainly manifested as:
The discussion of moral movement initiated to highlight the orthodox status of the Central Plains, the cultural orthodoxy formed in response to the cultural competition and challenges provoked by the Song people, and the formation of the subgroup of literati in this period.
From the perspective of influence, the continuous strengthening of the concept of "China" during the Jin Zhangzong period not only deepened the identification of the literati in this period with the rule of the Jin Dynasty, but also played a non-negligible role in promoting the feudalization and reform of Jurchen society.
First, personal life: carrying forward the rule of the past with high expectations
Jin Zhangzong Finished Yan Jing, small character Ma Da Ge, is the eldest grandson of Kim Sejong Completed Yan Yong, and his father Completed Yan Yungong was the only descendant of Sejong's beloved empress UlinDashi, and was deeply valued by Sejong, so As the eldest grandson of Kim Sejong, he was quite loved by Sejong at birth. Sejong believed that the birth of Yan Jing was "the ancestors who have celebrated and have today, and the blessings of the society." ”
Yan Jing was deeply influenced by his grandfather since childhood, and at the age of ten, he "began to learn the small characters of the Language of the Dynasty, and the Chinese Character Scriptures", "to complete the Reading of Yan Kuang and Xu Xiaomei of the Sijing", "to teach Chinese characters first every day, until the end of the Chinese character lessons at the time of Shen, to teach women straight small characters, to learn the national language." "While proficient in Han culture, he also mastered Jurchen culture. In December of the 25th year of Dading, Jin Sejong completed Yan Jing as the original king and appointed him as the governor of Daxing Province, and After Yan Jing "entered the Chinese xie", Sejong was very happy and moved.
In May of the 26th year of Dading, In order to complete Yan Jing's "knowledge of the world's far and near essai" and "see the discussion of the imperial court and learn the body of political affairs", Jin Shizong appointed him as the right chancellor of Shangshu, and in November he decreed that he would be the emperor's grandson. From early childhood education to young contact with political affairs to the canonization of the emperor's grandson, Jin Sejong paved the way for him to inherit the unification step by step, which shows that he not only loved Yan Jing but also had high hopes.
In the twenty-ninth year of Dading, Sejong died, and Yan Jing "that is, the emperor was in front of the coffin", which was for Jin Zhangzong. After Jin Zhangzong succeeded to the throne, under the influence of his grandfather's concept of "China", he basically continued the civil rule strategy of the previous dynasty, and he "corrected the etiquette, revised the criminal law, and fixed the official system" in the name of the "Chinese" monarch, and during the Jin Dynasty, the "canonical cultural relics were gradually transformed into a generation of rules".
However, during the reign of Emperor Zhangzong, although "Emperor Chengshizong ruled for a long time and was well-off in Uchi", the rise of Mongolia and the Northern Expedition of the Southern Song Dynasty were crises that he had to face, at the same time, the trend of Sinicization within the Jin Dynasty continued to accelerate, and the gradual loss of the nature of the Jurchen nation further aggravated his sense of crisis as a Jurchen king, so in the process of resisting the Mongol invasion, counterattacking the Northern Expedition of the Southern Song Dynasty, and maintaining the Jurchen tradition, Zhangzong's "China" consciousness became stronger and stronger, and eventually appeared as a strong cultural orthodoxy.
Second, the social background: internal and external troubles are double stimuli
The formation and strengthening of Jin Zhangzong's "China" concept is not only related to his cultural education and sejong influence, but also closely related to the stimulation of the real crisis. The stimulation of this real crisis is not only the external stimulus from the rise of Mongolia and the Northern Expedition of the Southern Song Dynasty, but also the internal impact of the unstoppable Sinicization trend within the Jin Dynasty.
As early as the taizu and taizong periods, the intrusion from the northern Mongol tribes continued. After the destruction of the Liao, Jin Taizong's main strategic goal was song, and he had no time to negotiate with the Mongol tribes, so Jin Taizong feasted on the then Mongol tribal khan Hebulshitu and the Mongol tribes to temporarily truce, but Hebule not only disrespected Jin Taizong during the banquet, but also killed the emissaries of the Jin state who came to recover, which angered Jin Taizong, and a large-scale border conflict broke out between the two sides.
During the reign of King Hailing to Jin Sejong, the Mongol tribes were basically in a state of relative peace, but by the time Jin Zhangzong ascended the throne in 1189, the Mongol tribes elected Temujin as khan and began to unify the Mongol tribes on a large scale, and the northern border was also in turmoil.
Faced with this situation, Jin Zhangzong sent troops to the Northern Expedition three times, although it failed to solve the strong enemy of Mongolia, but also eliminated some tribes that often harassed the border, and won temporary tranquility for the western and northern borders of the Jin Dynasty, and in the process, Jin Zhangzong's "China" consciousness became stronger and stronger.
In the process of resisting the Mongols' strong attack and counterattacking the Southern Song Dynasty's Kaixi Northern Expedition, Jin Zhangzong's view of "China" gradually evolved into an orthodox view based on the theory of "moral luck".
Historically, "Deyun" represents the heavenly fortune and qi number of the dynasty, "Deyun" is the theory created by the rulers of the dynasty according to the "Five Elements Doctrine" that prevailed during the Warring States period to highlight the legitimacy of the regime, as a symbol of dynastic legitimacy for successive dynasties to follow, the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao and northern Song dynasties and stood side by side with the Southern Song Dynasty, so who succeeded to the orthodoxy became an urgent problem for the rulers to solve.
The challenges of Mongolia and the Southern Song Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Zhangzong of Jin had a huge impact on the rule of the Jin Dynasty, making its need to demonstrate the legitimacy of the dynasty more urgent, which prompted Jin Zhangzong to convene several court officials to discuss the issue of the german movement of the Jin Dynasty from the fourth year of Ming Chang. According to the record, "there are four differences in the discussion of the multitude":
First, inherit the ancestral training and become Kinder. Li Yu, the Shangshu of the Ministry of Punishment, believed that Jin Taizu took Jin as the national name and the Jin Dynasty had always regarded ugliness as its wax since the founding of the country, so "taking Jin as a virtue is in line with the heavenly heart, in harmony with humanity, and with the ancestral training."
Second, he succeeded Tang Tude as Jinde. Hubu Shangshu Sun Duo, Attendant Scholar Zhang Xingjian, Tai Changqing Yang Tingjun and others believed that the five dynasties and ten kingdoms after Tang "all took advantage of the time to steal, and their shortness was not enough to enter the orthodoxy", while the Song "refused to succeed Tang Tongyou guo Zhou as Huode, but he lost his order and merged into the leap throne", so the Jin Dynasty should "inherit the Tang dynasty for Jinde".
Third, chengliao water virtue is mude. Secretary Lang Lu Zhengan and school secretary Lang Zhao Bi "thought that the Holy Dynasty had been the first Liao state to become an emperor, the Liao was to take water as virtue, aquatic wood, and the state should carry Liao transport as wood."
Fourth, he succeeded Song Huode as Tude. Taichang Cheng Sun Renjie strongly opposed the succession of Tang unification, believing that "those who intend to inherit the Tang Dynasty mean that the Song Dynasty is not yet extinct" is "not wanting to end the Song Dynasty", and advocates that they will succeed the Song Dynasty and become Tude.
While soliciting the opinions of his courtiers, Jin Zhangzong also expressed his own attitude: first of all, he denied the view that he succeeded Tang as Jinde, believing that "it must be difficult to follow the Tang Dynasty"; for Lü Zhengan's proposal to inherit Liao as a wooden de, "Although it is not fully reasonable, it can also be corrected", which seems to be non-committal, but combined with Lü Zhengan's subsequent demotion of officials, it can be seen that Zhangzong does not like this theory;
As for inheriting the ancestral training or following the Song dynasty, Zhangzong was a little hesitant, because although Jinde catered to the Jurchen national tradition, it lacked the inheritance of the previous Zhongyuan Dynasty, which was inconsistent with Jin Zhangzong's purpose of including the Jin Dynasty into the sequence of orthodox dynasties in the Central Plains through the agreement of Virtue;
In contrast, the succession of the Song Dynasty is more in line with the symbiosis law of the "Five Virtues and the End" doctrine in the Central Plains, and on the grounds of destroying the Northern Song Dynasty and succeeding it, Zhangzong can legitimately include the Jin Dynasty in the "Chinese" orthodox dynasty sequence, while excluding the Southern Song Dynasty from the orthodoxy.
Jin Zhangzong's hesitation between the two actually reflects his struggle between preserving the Jurchen tradition and fully accepting Sinicization, and it can be seen from Zhangzong's final choice of "more dede fortune for the earth, La Yongchen", whose cultural stance has gradually changed to that of the "Chinese" orthodox emperor.
After agreeing on the fortune of virtue, Jin Zhangzong performed a sacrifice in the fourth year of Taihe as the emperor of the "Chinese" orthodox dynasty, and the sacrifice was performed according to the "three emperors, five emperors, and four kings performed a three-year ritual" performed by Shangshu Province. Jin Zhangzong's tribute to the emperors of the previous Central Plains Dynasty illustrates his acceptance of the Central Plains sacrifice system and also declares to the Southern Song Dynasty the "Chinese" orthodoxy of the Jin Dynasty.
However, in the process of moving towards a "Chinese" dynasty, Jin Zhangzong still did not give up balancing Sinicization and national traditions, such as his move to "register the god of Changbai Mountain as the Kaitian Hongsheng Holy Emperor" in the fourth year of Mingchang, and The same move of Jin Shizong to canonize the god of Changbai Mountain as "Xingguo Lingying King" and sacrifice on time because "Changbai Mountain is in the land of Xingwang, liturgical and revered", which is the same as the effort to save the Jurchen national tradition that was in jeopardy under the impact of Sinicization.
Although the trend of Sinicization of the Jurchen nation at that time was unstoppable, the efforts made by Sejong and Zhangzong to protect the traditions of the Jurchen nation also laid the groundwork for the behavior of renegotiating the virtue movement from the standpoint of the Jurchen nation during the Xuanzong period, and the Jin people's concepts of "Yi Shi Zai De, So The Great Unification" and "No matter what is inherited, only for the Jin Dynasty" were precisely from the standpoint of the Jurchen nation to inherit the ancestral training and affirm the orthodox status of the Jin Dynasty.