Zhu Yizun (1629-1709) character Tin Mane, bamboo yuan, also known as 醧醧, Jin Feng Tingchang, Xiao Changlu fisherman, etc., Zhejiang Xiushui (now Jiaxing) people. A famous scholar and bibliophile of the Qing Dynasty, he wrote 80 volumes of the "Collection of Exposed Books", 42 volumes of "Old News under the Sun", 300 volumes of "Jingyi Kao", 36 volumes of "Ci Zong" and 100 volumes of "Ming Poetry Synthesis". One of the important reasons why he was able to achieve high achievements in literary creation and academic research was inseparable from his penchant for reading and collecting books. During his lifetime, he owned a collection of 80,000 volumes, and his collection was called the "Exposure Pavilion".
First, the origin of the books in the library collection
The books in the Exposed Library were collected by Zhu Yizun with painstaking efforts. Zhu Yizun was born in Shuxiang Mendi, a family of official eunuchs. His great-grandfather, Zhu Guozuo, was a ming dynasty scholar and rebbe attendant, his father Zhu Maoshu was a member of the Late Ming Dynasty Restoration Society. When Yi Zun was a teenager, he had to read old books collected by his family, such as "Three Rites", "Spring and Autumn Zuo Clan Biography", "Chu Ci", "Anthology of Literature", "Danyuanzi Butian Song" and so on. In his youth, due to social turmoil, the family road gradually declined, and his ancestors' suicide notes were also destroyed in the Ming Dynasty, and only fifty volumes of the Imperial Gift of the Ming Dynasty Were preserved. He said in the Preface to the Book of Exposure: "First Taifu gave the book, and after the B unitary soldiers, there were few survivors." In the seventeenth year of the year, he moved six times from the place of refuge of the woman... Yanbei was solemn, and there were no books to read. In his prime, in order to find food and clothing, he wandered to a foreign land. Once, after returning from Lingnan and North, he bought five boxes of books from a bookstore through Yuzhang, because at that time, "Fang Qi Mingshu's prison", and the books he bought also involved the affairs of Ming Ji, in order to avoid disaster, he had to burn the books. Later, he met the late Xiang Shizi in Jiangdu to sell the remnants of the "Ten Thousand Scrolls Building" and bought it for twenty gold. This is the first batch of books purchased in the collection of the exposure booth. Since then, everywhere he went, he had to pay attention to the search, as long as he encountered valuable books, even if they were broken and broken, they had to be purchased with their own pockets, and if they had no money, they would return in advance. In the early years of the Kangxi Dynasty, Zhu Yizun entered the Beijing Division with his wife, and had nothing but the two major books he bought. When the attendant Sun Chengze saw the interstitial book in his travel apartment, he could not help but say to the people with emotion: "I see the guest Chang'an, the servant who climbs and assists the rush, the car dust canopy does not waste the writer, and the Xiushui Zhu eleven people are only" [1]
Some of Zhu Yizun's books are banknotes. At that time, he befriended many famous bibliophiles, such as Wanping Sun Chengze, Cao Rong in Hezhong, Xu Qianxue in Kunshan, Huang Yutai in Baimen, Haiyu Mao Axe Ji, and Jing Shi Cheng Rongruo. After he borrowed the books from these bibliophiles, he copied them in the night, recorded them into copies, and collected them for his own collection. In order to be able to copy the secret book, he even did not hesitate to do anything. The famous bibliophile Qian once wrote a book called "Reading Minqiu Ji", which recorded that Qian's Shugutang collected 600 kinds of Song and Yuan Jingzhu Fan, and the bibliographic editions, volumes, and completions were very well prepared. Zhu Yi honored Jiang Zuo, and qian zeng met in Nanjing and asked to see him. Qian once hid the book in the book. The secret will not come out. Yi Zun put wine on offer, summoned the celebrities and money to a feast, secretly bought the attendants with gold and green rats, and took out the book. At the same time, more than a dozen officials from the clan office were hired to copy the half-night, and recorded a volume of "Wonderful Words", which was called "Ya Earn". [2]
In addition to his private collections, he also copied the Books of the History Museum. In the eighteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Zhu Yizun took the exam to learn hongzi, was selected as a cloth, was given the hanlin academy review, and participated in the compilation of the "History of Ming". Taking advantage of his ability to enter the history museum, he took the calligrapher Wang Lun with him to privately record the Four-Party Scripture into the book, and was later impeached by Niu Niu, a scholar in charge of the academy, and demoted for the crime of "leakage". In this regard, Zhu Yizun did not regret it, and tried to write the "ShuZhu Ming" to laugh at himself: "Seize the Seven Pin Officials and write my ten thousand books." Or silence or language, who is wise and foolish?" And self-engraving the book printing side, the printing text is "seven pin official ear". People call it "beautiful and degrading". [3]
In the thirty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Zhu Yizun returned to his hometown and received 2,500 volumes of books from the Songjiang bibliophile Li Chenshan, and by this time, his collection of books had reached 80,000 volumes. Therefore, he bought land in his hometown Xiushuiwang Store to build a museum for collection, and then built a "hidden collection hall", "entertainment old Xuan", and other book collections, and divided the 80,000 volumes of books into eight categories such as "scriptures, art, history, zhi, sub-collections, collections, classes, and sayings", and inserted them into the collection according to the categories, with the general name of "Exposure Pavilion Collection". [4]
2. The purpose of Zhu Yizun's collection of books
(1) For the preservation of ancient cultural heritage
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there were frequent wars and chaos, and the loss of public and private books was very serious. Seeing this situation, Zhu Yi, out of cherishing the ancient cultural classics, was determined to gather some rare secret books scattered among the people and then gather them together to reduce the number of deaths. Zhu Yizun collected many rarely rare orphan books, such as the Song periodicals "Chunxi Sanshan Zhi" and "Chengdu Literature"; the banknote "Jing Window Moxibustion Naked", "Bamboo Friends Collection", etc., some of which were not included by Zhi Cheng, some of which were not seen in the bibliographies of various books, and some of which were shelved by bibliophiles. He heard his friend Zhou Zaijun say that he had seen the "Jingding Jian Kangzhi" co-written by the Song Dynasty Zhou Ying, and he had been paying close attention to the visit, "the visit was not obtained for three years", until September of the year of Kangxi Dinghai, he saw this book at the Zhenzhou Embassy Cao Yin, and urgently borrowed it to record it into a copy, so that this orphan book, which had "been passed down several times", was "passed down to the world from time to time". [5] Zhu Yizun also paid attention to the collection of fragments of books. The Zhou Yi Ji Biography written by Long Renfu in the Yuan Dynasty originally had eighteen volumes, but only eight volumes existed. The Manchu scholar Naran Zhide was originally going to compile it into the series of "Tongzhitang Sutras", but because he felt that it was rambling and broken, he did not mine the carvings, while Zhu Yizun "wrote to hide the various poems". He did a great deal of work to make up for these broken fragments and make them as complete as possible. He obtained the Song Ben "Youdi Guangji" from his friend Wu Zhiyi, which lacked the first two volumes, and later learned that there was a full copy in the Wenyuange Library of the Imperial Palace, so he took advantage of xu Qianxue's convenience of compiling the "Ming Yi Tongzhi" to borrow the royal atlas, and the banknotes were completed. There is also a book of "Continuation", which originally had twenty-one volumes. Fan's Tianyi Pavilion, Cao's Ancient Forest, and Xu's Biography are only seven volumes in the collection of Lou and so on. After Zhu Yizun borrowed the banknotes, he also visited the Mao clan to collect old banknotes, and in addition to the seven volumes, "another one hundred and seventeen translations were added." He was not satisfied, and he took the "continuation" articles included in the "Treasure Book Series" compiled by Chen Si of the Song Dynasty, and filled the gap in the original book, so that it was increased from one-third of the original to "four or five out of ten". [6]
(2) In order to make the book widely circulated
Zhu Yizun was well aware of the ills of keeping books in deep confinement, and believed that the best way to preserve ancient classics was to circulate them. He borrowed books from others and lent them to others. Xu Qianxue, Wang Shizhen, Song Muzhong and others all borrowed books from him, and it is particularly commendable that he lent a large number of books to the famous bibliophile Cao Yin for transcription. CAO Yin. Zi Qing (字子清), the grandfather of Cao Xueqin, the author of "Dream of the Red Chamber", whose "collection of ancient books exceeds 10,000 volumes". According to Li Wenzao's "Records of the Liulichang Bookstore", Neem Pavilion has been weaving salt for more than ten years, and has a good relationship with the Zhu clan, exposing the books in the library, Cao Yin has copied copies, and most of the books in the Neem Pavilion are derived from the Exposure Pavilion. Ye Changzhuo, a Qing dynasty, vividly described this in the "Chronicle of The Book": "The green trees are fragrant and the grass is qi, and the neem flower pavilion is carried under the next statue." The golden wind pavilion chief came to visit the sun, and Song Zhu passed on the money full of Zhuxi. [7] Zhu Yizun also vigorously advocated engraving books, because engraved books were more widely circulated than banknote books. He once jointly initiated with Ji Yingzhong, Qian Lucan, Wei Xi, Wang Kai, and others a "Secret Book of the Tang and Song Dynasties", and at their initiative, Huang Yuji and Zhou Zaijun compiled the "Bibliography of the Secret Books of the Tang and Song Dynasties", the Naran Sex De compilation of the "Tongzhitang Scripture Interpretation", and several of the "Secret Bibliography" were fully engraved, some of which were purchased by Zhu Yizun for him. Zhu Yizun himself also carved a book, according to the "Chicken Window Congjie" Yun: "Bamboo Yuanfan carved the book, wrote the sample and personally proofread it twice, and engraved it three times." His "Ming Poetry Synthesis" was engraved in his later years, and after engraving, he studied it twice, and his spirit was inconsistent, but it was divided into study rooms, or teachers or disciples, and those who could proofread a word were sent a hundred dollars. [8] Engraving books requires a lot of money, and Zhu Yizun, with the Qipinguan's Feng Lu, was incapable of carving books for himself. In this case, he simply recommended some rare secret books in the exposed book pavilion to the powerful people, and through them they published them and circulated them. He praised Mao Axe's quarterly magazine "Explanation of Words and Characters", Zhang Shijun's "Jade Compilation", Jiang Jing's Shao's "Lefu Supplement", Xu Sheren's "Mengliang Record", and Hu Cicun's "Ten Palace Words". From the 44th to the 48th year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Cao Yin was instructed to publish the Quan Tang Poems, and Zhu Yizun took advantage of his presidency of the "Poetry Bureau" to recommend to Cao Yin the ten volumes of the Song Dynasty Ding Du's "Collection of Rhymes" and the fifteen volumes of Sima Guang's "Class Compilation" collected in the Exposed Book Pavilion and publish them in the "Five Kinds of Neem Pavilions". These two books are of high value for the study of ancient phonology, and are valued by scholars, and to this day, they are photocopied and published by publishing units. Cao Yin compiled the Quan Tang Poems, and Zhu Yizun used his own collection of books to supplement many of them. After the "Quan Tang Poems" was printed, Zhu Yizun found many omissions, so he compiled the "Bibliography of Quan Tang Poems", which recorded 171 kinds of poems of Tang and five generations of poets, leaving them for posterity to supplement the examination.
(3) In order to facilitate the study of books and studies
Zhu Yizun collected books not only for preservation, but also for use. On the basis of his extensive collection of various types of books, he focused on collecting books that would help him to create and research, in order to achieve practical use. Zhu Yizun is a famous lyricist, and his lyrics are based on Jiang Kui and Zhang Yan, emphasizing the graceful and elegant style, which has a great status in the Qing Dynasty. Zhu Yizun paid great attention to learning the works of his predecessors and collected many dictionaries from past dynasties. The Dictionary is a large-scale anthology of the works of poets of the past compiled by Zhu Yizun and his friend Wang Sen (Jin Xian) to derive the creative ideas of the Zhejiang Western School of Words. The book consists of thirty-six volumes, with 2,253 poems of Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Jin, and Yuan Shi, and 659 authors. Its collection is extensive, and it is rich in capital, which is beyond the reach of ordinary people. Zhu Yizun said in the "Dictionary of Words and Literature" that "it is a compilation and a record, and half of it belongs to the banknote." Baimen borrowed Zhou Shangshe Xueke and Huang Zhengshi Yu Tai, and Jingshi borrowed Song Yuanwai Muzhong. Chengjin Shi Rongruo, Wu Xia borrowed Xu Ren Shi Jian'an, and Limen borrowed Cao Shilang Qiuyue. Yu Ze wang zi jinxian purchased wuxing bibliophiles and agreed with each other." Some of them are unseen by the Ming Dynasty, such as the collection "White Clouds in the Mountains", the general collection "Wonderful Words", and the "Yuan caotang shiyu". These borrowed and copied historical dictionaries have formed the major characteristics of the books in the collection of the Exposure Pavilion.
The Qing Dynasty was also a period of revival of ancient literature and classics, and under the influence of the fashion of the times, Zhu Yizun was keen on the study of scriptures and collected a large number of classics. He is good at examination evidence, and every time he obtains a book, he must review its edition and volume, and trace the source and flow, thus forming the study of bibliography. The three hundred volumes of the "Jingyi Kao" compiled by him are a catalogue of the specialties of the scriptures, and the first of this book is the book of the Imperial Commentary, which is divided into the following categories: books, poems, Zhou Li, Ritual Rites, Ritual Records, Tong Li, Music, Spring and Autumn, Analects, Filial Piety, Mencius, Erya, Qunjing, Four Books, Yijing, Yiwei, Pseudo-Jing, Chengshi, Preaching, Standing Stone, Journal, Book Wall, Skeleton Edition, Bibliography, General Sayings, etc. Twenty-six categories, the last of which is attached to the family study, and the preface is two chapters. Before each book recorded, the author's surname, title, and volume are listed. The words "Sub-column", 佚, 阙, and not seen. It also lists the preface to the original book, the Confucian treatises, and its author Jueli. Yi Zun has some research, that is, the appendix is attached to the words at the end. Its bibliographic project is complete, revealing the characteristics of books in many ways. The purpose of Zhu Yizun's compilation of the "Examination of The Classics of Righteousness" was to provide people with the compilation and materials of the pre-Confucian relics for reading and governing, so as not to "keep the words of the Tan Jing Bureau". [9] To complete such a diary of high academic value, as a compiler, you must have profound knowledge and a certain number of specialized books. Zhu Yizun met these two conditions, as some Qing people commented on this: "Weizhuyuan is erudite and thoughtful, and its DunKezhi?" (Chen Tingjing), "Non-Bo and group books, there can be no such." (Moltke Age). [10]
In addition, Zhu Yizun also collected a large number of Ming poetry collections and compiled the "Ming Poetry Synthesis"; collected a large number of Beijing geographical records and compiled the "Old News under the Sun". The advent of these books shows that Zhu Yizun attaches great importance to the use of books, and he regards the collection of books as the basic work of reading and studying, and the collection of special books as the preliminary preparation for academic research, and has achieved fruitful results.
Third, the circulation of books in the library collection
After Zhu Yizun's death, the collection of books in the exposed library was valued by the Qing government. During the Qianlong period, in order to compile the "Four Libraries of the Whole Book", Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty issued an edict to collect private books, and assigned local officials to visit Zhu Yizun's home, and found that because Zhu's descendants could not keep them well, the collection of books in the exposed library had been scattered in various directions for a long time, and after visiting and seeking, sixty-nine kinds of books had been obtained. [11] Most of these books were adopted as a base for the revision of the Siku Quanshu or as "inventory" in the Siku Quanshu General Bibliography. Looking through the "General Catalogue of the Four Libraries", we can see that there are thirty-two kinds of notes in it: "Zhejiang Zhu Yizun Family Exposure Book Pavilion Collection". For example, "Zhou YiJing Transmission Collection", "Two Dynasties Charter Record", "Cheng Zi Detailed Edition", "Sungai Collection" and so on. In addition, there are originally books collected in the Exposure Pavilion, which were later circulated and collected by others, and also presented to those who were adopted by the "Four Libraries". For example, the "Stone Carvings paving narrative" with the annotations "Huang Dengxian's Family Collection", the "Ark Yixue" and the "Spring and Autumn Illustrations" with the annotations "Wu Yuqi Family Collection", and the "Amaranth Collection" with the annotations "Bao Shigong Family Collection" and so on, according to the "General Catalogue of the Four Libraries", at the beginning of the volumes of these books, there are Zhu Yizun's collection prints. There is also the "Spring and Autumn Farewell Classic" of the "Two Huai Salt Administrations", which is not published in the old, and the "Four Libraries" pavilion is also in the collection of Zhu Yizun's family, because the book "has Kangxi Xin has been in October Yi Zun inscription". Many rare books in the collection of the Exposed Library, the orphan ones, have been handed down through the compilation of the "Four Libraries of the Whole Book", which is enough to show that Zhu Yizun has made outstanding achievements in preserving and disseminating ancient cultural heritage and developing the cause of book collection.
bibliography:
Qian Lin,Wang Zao. Bibliographic Records Volume II
[2] Chen Dengyuan. Ancient and modern classics are gathered and scattered
[4] Ye Changzhi. Book Chronicle Of Poetry Volume IV
[5] Siku Quanshu General Bibliography Volume 68 History Department Geography Class I
Zhu Yizun. Exposure Pavilion Collection (Four Libraries)
[8] Naranjand. Tongzhitang Collection (General Sequence of Sutra Interpretation)
Yao Mingda. History of Chinese Bibliography (Specialized Catalogue)
Zhu Yizun. Sutra Examination Order
Huang Aiping. The Second Section of the Second Chapter of the Fourth Library Compilation Study
Originally published in The Library, No. 5, 1992