Pipa and play new songs High notes are still in the five cool
——Wuwei City carried out a summary of the excavation, inheritance and promotion of Wuliang culture
Contributed by Liangzhou Cultural Research Institute of Wuwei City
South City Gate Square. Liu Zhong
One, five cool overview
North Cool Stone Tower.
Former cool green white jade lying sheep.
During the Sixteen Kingdoms period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, five regimes appeared in Hexi, namely Qianliang, Houliang, Southern Liang, Northern Liang, and Western Liang. Except for Xiliang, the other four Liangs were all built in Wuwei. During the Five Liang Period, the Culture of the Central Plains was preserved and inherited, and the cultural development and prosperity of Hexi Region and the exchange and integration of various ethnic groups were promoted, which had a major and far-reaching impact on the Sui and Tang Dynasties and later generations. Wuliang culture is one of the representative cultures of the Silk Road culture, an important part of traditional Chinese culture, and provides rich cultural nourishment for the innovative development of Wuwei. Historian Chen Yinke said that the Wuliang culture "continued the study style of the Han, Wei, and Western Jin Dynasties, and opened the (Northern) Wei, (Northern) Qi, Sui, and Tang systems, inheriting the past and the future, and continuing to support the decline, and continued to continue in the past five hundred years." ”
Second, regime change
The founder of the former Liang Dynasty, Zhang Rail (255-314), "was filial piety and honesty in his family, and confucianism was revealed." In 301, Zhang Rail was appointed as a lieutenant of the Qiang Guards and an assassin of Liangzhou. Under the administration of Zhang Rail, Liangzhou became a relatively stable area at that time. Zhang Rail also set up Wuxing Commandery in the northwest of Guzang and Jinxing Commandery (晋興郡) at the border of Xiping (present-day Xining, Qinghai) to resettle displaced people. He ordered the circulation of five baht coins in circulation in the territory. In 314, Zhang Rail died of illness, and was succeeded by his eldest son Zhang Yi (張寔), and Sima Yi (司馬邺), the Emperor of Jin, appointed Zhang Yi (張寔) as the military governor of Liangzhou ( Liangzhou ) , the Duke of Liangzhou ( Liangzhou ) , and the Duke of Xiping. In 317, he proclaimed himself King of Liang and established the former Liang regime. When Zhang Jun and Zhang Chonghua ruled, former Liangda was at its peak, and its territory was "south of the river and Huang, east to Qin and Long, west to The Onion Ridge, and north to Juyan." In 376, former Qin lord Jian Jian attacked with 130,000 troops, and under the double suppression of internal strife and external invasion, Zhang Tianxi was forced to surrender, and Qian Liang died.
The founder of the Later Liang regime, Lü Guang, was a slightly Yang People. Originally a general of former Qin, he had outstanding military achievements and was ordered to lead an army to surrender to the Western Regions. In 383, Former Qin was defeated at the Battle of Shuishui, and Lü Guang entered Liangzhou on his way back. In 386, when Lü Guang learned that Former Qin's ruler Gong Jian had been killed by Yao Cang, he declared himself an envoy, a servant, a chinese and foreign governor, a military governor of LongyouHexi, a general, a liangzhou mu, and a duke of Jiuquan, with the name Tai'an. In 396, Lü Guang proclaimed himself The Heavenly King, with the national name of Da Liang (大梁), Dugu Zang (都姑臧), and hou Liang (後凉). When Houliang was first established, the country was quite powerful. After Lü Guang's death in 399, Lü Shao, Lü Lu, and Lü Long succeeded him. The surrounding Southern Liang and Northern Liang continued to invade the borders, and the Later Liang forces gradually weakened, and Lü Long was trapped in internal and external difficulties, and in 403 he surrendered to the Later Qin lord Yao Xing, and Hou Liang fell.
The Nanliang regime was established by the Humble nobles of Hexi, bald-haired Wugu. Centered on Lianchuan Fort (present-day northwestern Minhe County, Qinghai), the bald-haired Wugu continued to develop its power. Initially attached to Houliang Lüguang, in 397 Wugu broke with Houliang, proclaimed himself the Great General, DaDan Yu, and the King of Xiping, and established a political power, with the era name Taichu and the historical name Nanliang. In the following year, he was renamed king of Wuwei and moved to the capital Ledu in 399. After Wu Gu's death, his brother Bald Lilu Succeeded him and moved to Xiping (present-day Xining, Qinghai). In 401, he was renamed the King of Hexi. In 402, his younger brother Bald-haired Tan tan succeeded to the throne, changed his name to Liang Wang, and moved back to Ledu. In 404, because of The strength of Later Qin, the bald Man Tan declared himself a vassal to the Later Qin lord Yao Xing. After Yao Xing's demise, because Liangzhou was inconvenient to control, he was appointed as the assassin of Liangzhou, so he entered the town of Guzang. In 408, Li Tan broke with Yao Xing and regained the title of King of Liang. In 414, Western Qin took the opportunity to attack Ledu. In July, Li Tan descended in Western Qin and died in Southern Liang.
In 397, after the rebellion of the Lushuihu chieftains Fengqu Mengxun and Fengqu Nancheng, Duan Ye was made an envoy, a governor of Dadu, a general of Long jun, a pastor of Liangzhou, and the Duke of Jiankang, whose political history was called Northern Liang. Four years later, Mengxun of Depression appointed himself as an envoy, governor of Dadu, Grand General, Liangzhou Mu, and Duke of Zhangye, and changed his name to Yuan Yong'an. Although Meng Xun was a Branch of the Xiongnu, the Lushuihu people, he attached great importance to Confucianism and Eucharist. He himself was "knowledgeable in the history of the group and quite familiar with astronomy". In 421, Meng Xun destroyed Xiliang, took Jiuquan and Dunhuang, and held the Hexi Corridor. In April 433, after Monson's death, he was succeeded by his son Mu Qian (also known as Mao Qian). In 439, the Northern Wei army besieged Guzang, Mu Qian surrendered, and Northern Liang perished. Meng Xun's younger brother Wu Xian led the remnants of the force west, and later established a state in Gaochang, which was destroyed by Rouran in 460.
The founder of the Western Liang regime, Li Kuan (351-417), was born in Longxi and was "involved in the history of the classics, Youshan Wenyi". Later Liang's lord Lü Guangshi (Later Liang) declared himself the Duke of Liangzhou and the Duke of Jiankang in Zhangye in 397, with Li Huan as the commander of GuGu County, and later promoted to Dunhuang Taishou. In 400, Li Huan appointed himself as the governor of Dadu, the great general, the Duke of Liang, the pastor of The Second Prefecture of Qin and Liang, and the lieutenant of the Qiang Dynasty, and sent troops to capture the cities west of Yumen, control the western region, and establish the state of Xiliang. He pacified the territory, urged Jia Yong to establish a school, with Song Xuan as the mastermind, and before his death, he also appointed Song Sui as a minister to assist Li Xin. After Li Xin succeeded to the throne, he often fought against Northern Liang. In 420, Li Xinwen (李歆) heard that Mengxun of the Frustrated Canal had attacked Southern Liang in the south and led his army to attack the northern Liang capital zhangye, but was defeated by the depressed canal Mengxun on the way. Meng Xun killed Li Xin and entered Jiuquan. In September of the same year, Li Xin's younger brother Li Ke was known as the champion general and the Assassin of Liangzhou according to Dunhuang. In March 421, Meng Xun attacked Dunhuang, Li Ke committed suicide, and Xiliang perished.
Third, revitalize learning and re-teach
The Prologue Hall of Wuliang Culture Museum.
Wuwei Tiantishan Grottoes.
When the "academic slump" was widespread in the north, Zhang Rail, the founder of the former Liang regime, made the revival of education and the establishment of education the top priority in governing Liangzhou, and opened the five Liang period when the Hexi region attached importance to culture and education.
When Zhang Rail was governing Liangzhou, he established a school, set up a chongwen sacrifice liquor position, and performed the ceremony of shooting in the countryside in the spring and autumn. After the restoration of the school education system, Zhang Rail spared no effort to recruit and recruit talents. This cultural and educational policy, combined with the inspection and conquest, not only encouraged the scholars, but also promoted the atmosphere of shangxue, and Liangzhou culture gradually prospered. At the same time, Zhang Rail has also won the praise of "Virtue Domain" and "West River Virtue", and is respected by people from all walks of life in the Central Plains and Liangzhou. During Zhang Jun's reign, he "began to set up a hundred officials, and the official names were all proposed to be the Heavenly Dynasty", and in 339 he established the Guozi Academy, "leading the Guozi sacrifice with the right long history", and comprehensively upgraded the school and education. In addition, Zhang Jun also followed the Confucian etiquette of governing the country, and "established the Yong and Ming Halls to perform rituals" in the capital city of Guzang.
Since the former Liang Zhang Rail implemented Confucian education and laid its foundation, Southern Liang, Western Liang, and Northern Liang have also taken the revitalization of learning and re-education as the foundation of the founding of the country and the foundation of governance in accordance with their national conditions and political needs. The bald-haired Lilu lonely in Nanliang paid attention to extending the elderly and visiting politics, practicing civil rule, and governing the country according to the royal rules of "establishing a taixue to teach the country, setting up a order to transform it into a country", starting from the aspects of appeasing the people's hearts, selecting talents, and revitalizing education.
Xiliang Li Huan personally led the way, Dun Li learned the style, "although there are government affairs, the hand does not release the volume", once "feasted on Qushui, ordered the group to give poetry, and personally prefaced it", and created dozens of poems such as "Locust Tree Endowment", "Great Wine RongFu", "Shu Zhi Fu" and so on. He not only ordered the construction of the "Hall of Jinggong", Tuzan "from the ancient Saint Emperor Ming King, loyal servants filial piety, martyr virgins, Xuan sheng relatives as the preface, in order to learn the righteousness of the precepts", encouraged the subjects to be loyal to filial piety and martyrdom, but also ordered the establishment of the Pan Palace, adding 500 students to the high gate.
The worship of Northern Liang was even worse, and The Depressed Canal Mengxun specially built the Yulin Hall, often leading the group of courtiers to "talk about the scriptures" and "the statue of the ancient sages". After the Northern Wei Dynasty destroyed the Northern Liang, a large number of Confucian scholars entered the Central Plains, playing an important role in the revival of Confucian culture in the Central Plains, and the rise of Wuliang Confucianism also played an important role in the inheritance and development of ancient Chinese thought and culture.
The restoration and improvement of the school education system has trained a large number of political talents for the rulers of the Five Liangs, and while helping the various regimes to implement civil rule, it has also promoted the prosperity of folk teaching and writing because of the reverence for Confucianism and education. In the Hexi region, there were not only official schools, but also private teachings to disciples by the Great Confucians. The private teaching of the former and late Liang dynasties was quite popular. Chen Yinke said: "The academics in the corner of Helong who have experienced the long chaotic world of the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, and the Northern Dynasty and can survive in the Central Plains of the Han Dynasty are not the two points of family lineage and region mentioned above, that is, the collapse of public schools, the transfer of academic centers to the family, and the transfer of university doctors to the career of the father and son of the family. "The result of attaching importance to Confucian education and the flourishing of Confucian culture is inevitably the improvement of the level of regional civilization and the prosperity of culture."
Fourth, cultural light
During the Five Liang Period, the three ideas of Confucianism and Taoism met in the magical land of Hexi, where Chinese and Western cultures blended. Confucianism is especially valued by both the official and the people.
Confucianism in the Wuliang period still retains some of its characteristics since the Eastern Han Dynasty. The most obvious of these is that the study of Wei Wei also occupies a place in Hexi Confucianism. We can see from the records of the Book of Jin and the Hidden Biography that during the Two Jin Dynasties, "Liangzhou scholars were still as sinology as their predecessors, such as the study of the Immortals, the study of ceremonial rules, and the study of the luni-yang calendar." ”
Most of the famous Confucian scholars of Wuliang were also influenced by metaphysics. Former Liang Late advocated that Tianxi was also a literate figure in metaphysics, and the "New Language and Speech Chapter" records his dialogue with the Eastern Jin Dynasty celebrity Wang Tanzhi, as if he were an expert in "Lao", "Zhuang", "Yi", and "Three Xuan". In the early period, Xiliang Li's thought of governing the country was mainly Based on Confucianism, and later gradually paid attention to metaphysical thought. Liu Xun notes books such as "Zhou Yi", "Character History", and "Huangshi GongsanLuo". Among them, "Zhou Yi" is one of the "Three Xuan", "Cultural Relics" is a metaphysical work for tasting characters, and "Huangshi Gong Sanluo" is a Taoist soldier's book. Because of these writings by Liu Xun in metaphysics, He later called him "Mr. Xuanxuan".
During the Five Liangs period, Buddhism had spread in Hexi. The monarchs of Qianliang and Beiliang all highly respected Buddhism and opened up a translation field for Buddhist scriptures in Guzang. Confucianism, metaphysics, and Buddhism mingle and influence each other here.
Under this inclusive style of study, the Confucians of the Wuliang regime wrote a wealth of writings. In the Book of Jin, the Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms, and other classics, there are more than ten astronomical geographies recorded by Suo, Song Qian's Analects, Guo Yu's Spring and Autumn Ink Commentary, Qi Jia's Erjiu Nerve, Yin Yuan's Wei Ji, Zhang Chen's Liang Ji, Suo Hui's Liang Shu, Suo Sui's Liang Guo Chunqiu, Liu Qing's Liang Ji, Duan Guilong's Liang Ji, Zhang Zi's Liang Ji, and some other works that do not leave the author's name.
Wuliang's Confucianism not only developed vigorously in Liangzhou, but also spread east to Liu Song and Northern Wei, influencing the development of Confucianism later. The first time that Northern Liang's Confucian classics were transmitted east to the Southern Dynasty in the canonical records was in the fourteenth year of Liu Song Yuanjia, when He Qu Mujian offered fang objects and offered a total of 154 volumes such as "Zhou Shengzi" and "Thirteen States Chronicle", including scriptures, history, geography, philology, astronomy, calendar, arithmetic and other aspects. The example of the Hexi regime donating books to the southern regime on such a large scale was unique in the Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms of the North and even the subsequent Period of the Northern Dynasty, which can be said to be the first large-scale eastward transmission of Hexi culture during the Five Liang Period.
During the Five Liang Period, local scholars in Liangzhou were also brilliant stars, especially the major "Hexi surnames". They are not only the backbone of politics, but also the talents of cultural academia. For example, Song Xuan, Zhang Zhan, Zong Qin, Duan Chenggen, Liu Xun, Kan Xiao, Zhao Rou, Suo Chang, Yin Zhongda, etc., all made important contributions to the promotion of Hexi Confucianism. The Biography of Wei Shu Ru Lin writes: "Involved in the history of the classics, the talent is not in the crowd, the price is heavy in the western state, and there is a smell of the eastern country, so it is in the middle of the circulation, pulling up the mud." ”
After the Northern Wei Dynasty destroyed Northern Liang, Liangzhou culture arrived in Northern Wei with a large number of Confucian celebrities, which was the second large-scale transmission of Hexi Confucianism to the east, which promoted the process of Northern Wei Tuoba's absorption of advanced Han culture and played a very important role in the revival of later Central Plains culture. Until the period of sui and tang unification, Hexi culture became an important source of the Sui and Tang cultural system. This is what Mr. Chen Yinke pointed out: "Although the Sui and Tang systems are extremely extensive and varied, there are three sources in the investigation: one is (northern) Wei, (northern) Qi, the second is Liang and Chen, and the third is (western) Wei and Zhou. In addition to the Yongjia Rebellion of the Western Jin Dynasty, the cultural transfer of the Central Plains Wei and Jin dynasty was preserved in a corner of Liangzhou, and the Northern Wei took Liangzhou, and the Hexi culture was imported into Wei, and the subsequent Northern Wei Xiaowen and Xuanwu dynasties of the canonical system was deeply influenced by it, so the (Northern) Wei and (Northern) Qi Sources also included a tribe in Hexi. ”
Fifth, inheritance and development
Wuliang Cultural Works.
Bu Xianqun, director of the Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, presided over the "Five Liangs" Cultural Forum.
In recent years, Wuwei City has increased the research, excavation and collation of Wuliang culture, fully displayed the charm of Wuliang culture, and enhanced the influence of Wuliang culture.
By holding publicity and study activities with the theme of Wuliang culture, a social atmosphere of popularization and study of Wuliang's history and culture has been formed. The Theoretical Learning Center Group of Wuwei Municipal Party Committee has held special study meetings many times to learn About Liang Culture. Normalize the "Liangzhou Pulpit" activity with the theme of Wuliang culture, invite experts and scholars to give special lectures, and further inherit and promote Wuliang culture. Set up the "Carry Forward Liangzhou Culture, Inherit the Historical Context" Wuliang Culture Propaganda Group, in Wuwei City Bureau of Culture, Sports, Radio, Television and Tourism, Wuwei Vocational College, Minqin No. 1 Middle School, Liangzhou District Xiguan Street Science and Technology Lane Community and other departments and units, schools, street community organizations carried out more than 40 popularization lectures, the number of people listening to the lecture more than 2,000 people, the number of online communication hits reached 300,000 times.
Carry out the excavation and collation research of Wuliang culture. Compile and publish the cultural reader of "Saying Five Liangs" and "Five Liang Famous Confucians", creatively design the cultural and creative products of "Saying Five Liangs", and vividly and intuitively display the culture of Wu Liang.
Innovate the publicity method of Wuliang culture. Create and record the cultural short video program of "Saying Five Liangs", use Gansu Cultural Tourism, Wuwei Daily, Wuwei Radio and Television Station, Liangzhou Cultural Research Institute public number, today's headlines and other multimedia communication channels to spread the humanistic spirit of Wuliang, promote the inheritance of Wuliang culture, and the number of hits has exceeded 600 million times.
Wuliang Culture Museum was built. Around the "inherit the past and the future, follow the decline" of the Wuliang cultural characteristics of the design and layout, the use of background, model, cultural relics, multimedia and auxiliary exhibits and other combinations, dynamic three-dimensional presentation of the broad and profound Wuliang culture.
Held a seminar on Wuliang culture. Further excavate the essence of the cultural connotation of Wuliang. On August 21, 2020, Wuwei City held the 4th Liangzhou Cultural Forum with the theme of "Excavating and Studying Wuliang Culture and Promoting the Integrated Development of Culture and Tourism", continuing to dig deep into the rich connotation of Wuliang culture, further refining and displaying its spiritual identity and contemporary values, promoting creative transformation and innovative development, better promoting the construction of a famous cultural tourism city, and promoting the high-quality development of Wuwei in the new era. On September 24 this year, the "Five Liangs" Cultural Forum, hosted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Gansu Provincial People's Government, and hosted by the Wuwei Municipal Party Committee, the Municipal Government and the Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, was successfully held during the 5th Silk Road (Dunhuang) International Cultural Expo and the 10th Dunhuang Silk Road International Tourism Festival. With the theme of "Promoting Wuliang Culture and Inheriting historical context", the forum aims to better tap the cultural resources of Wuliang, deeply explore the status and role of Wuliang culture in the convergence and integration of multiculturalism and civilization transformation on the Silk Road, promote cultural exchanges, the integration of culture and tourism, and continuously expand the popularity and influence of Wuliang culture.
The profound Wuliang culture, as a historical relic and accumulation, is the root and soul of Wuwei Historical and Cultural City. Let's walk into Wuwei together, experience the cultural charm, remember the vicissitudes of history, look for the imprint of the years, and retain the roots of the city.