On March 18, 1644 (the seventeenth year of Chongzhen), the Dashun army attacked the city of Beijing, and on the 19th, it completely conquered the whole city of Beijing, and the Chongzhen Emperor also hanged himself, Li Zicheng was said to be in the sky at that time, but not long After Li Zicheng suffered a major defeat at Shanhaiguan, by April 30, the Dashun regime completely withdrew from Beijing, so that the Qing army entered Beijing effortlessly, the Qing Dynasty completed the long-cherished wishes of Taizu and Taizong, and Li Zicheng also began his own rout road of thousands of miles, which was completely unbearable.
Li Zicheng entered Beijing according to March 18, the withdrawal was calculated according to April 30, and the full count was spent in Beijing for 42 days, so what did Li Zicheng do during this period, and finally it was a wolf to quit it.
First, when I first entered Beijing, I made three major mistakes
At the beginning of Li Zicheng's entry into Beijing, it can be said that when the spirit was full of vigor and vigor, the external threat to conquer Beijing made most of the northern parts fall in the wind, and occupied the north in a short period of time, making the world think that the Dashun regime established by Li Zicheng was the next great unified dynasty.
As for the surrender of the army, not to mention, a lot of troops were collected on the road to Beijing alone, and it can be said that from any point of view, it is a vigorous trend.
But Li Zicheng made three fatal mistakes, one of which was that he did not pay enough attention to the Qing regime outside Guanwai, and did not transform himself from the leader of the rebel army to the position of the lord of the world in time, of course, perhaps because his march into Beijing was too smooth, he did not expect to conquer Beijing so quickly, so he subconsciously believed that the war between the Ming Dynasty and the Later Jin (Great Qing) had nothing to do with him, and did not soberly realize that he would replace the Ming Dynasty to replace the Ming Dynasty to resist the Guanwai Qing, so he did not take effective preventive measures against the Qing Dynasty.
For example, in the defense of Datong, Li Zicheng sent generals of the Yan clan to defend the town, but the key Shanhaiguan, Li Zicheng's initial plan was to recruit Wu Sangui, and then send the general Tang Tong to lead the headquarters of 8,000 people to go, but neither sent the generals of the Yan clan nor the troops of the Yan clan to take over.
This was also an important reason why Wu Sangui later joined forces with the Qing army and caught Li Zicheng off guard at Shanhaiguan.
The second is that after Li Zicheng entered Beijing, although there were many troops in the Beijing area, most of them were demoted, there were very few troops of the Yan clan, and the main forces were scattered in the northwest and The Huguang area, and on the way to Beijing, many troops were left to garrison, making the troops more dispersed, that is to say, Li Zicheng did not arrange enough main forces in the Beijing area, which was also one of the key reasons for his subsequent withdrawal from Beijing.
The third is that after Li Zicheng entered Beijing, he implemented the "pursuit of stolen goods and assistance", which offended a large number of gentry classes, and the gentry were also a force to be reckoned with at the end of the Ming Dynasty, without the strong support of the gentry class, and even their opposition, which meant that Li Zicheng's Dashun regime did not really control the north and was unstable.
This can also be regarded as one of the signs that Li Zicheng did not transform from the leader of the rebel army to the lord of the world, and Li Zicheng did not mean to win over a group and suppress a group, but on the whole it was to comprehensively crack down on the gentry class, because he did not accept all the former Ming officials, and used very few people.
As for why this is so, because in the course of the uprising, Li Zicheng put forward the slogan of "exempting all fields from endowments", and in 1643, he implemented a three-year exemption from endowments, and before he conquered Beijing, the Dashun army could use war to raise war, conquer a land, take the Ming Dynasty clan and officials, confiscate their property, and maintain the operation of the army, but once this mode of raising wars with war and not collecting taxes for a short time, they faced a huge problem of financial embarrassment, so after entering Beijing, in order to solve this problem, they could only take the official gentry class In order to solve the urgent needs of the moment, maintain the operation of the regime and then slowly plan.
Of course, the Dashun army at this stage is not innocent, and it is rapidly corrupt and even loses the hearts of the people, on the whole, the Dashun army is not corrupt as fast, did not plunder in the capital, but Beijing is after all the Beijing division, can be described as a gathering of officials and gentry, since it is necessary to "chase after the stolen money", it is bound to cause a lot of impact in Beijing, so many people think that the Dashun regime quickly became corrupt and degenerated after entering Beijing.
Second, because of the three major mistakes, Wu Sangui fell and rebelled, and thus caused the defeat of Li Zichengshan Customs
Why did Wu Sangui surrender Li Zicheng, and even when he went to Beijing to meet Li Zicheng, he was already half gone and repented?
Now the most mainstream theory is because Wu Sangui for Chen Yuanyuan is "rushing to the crown and angry for a red face", in fact, it is more likely because "chasing after stolen money" can not safeguard the interests of the gentry class, and Wu Sangui also heard that his father was also "chasing after the stolen money", afraid of being dealt with by Li Zicheng after arriving in Beijing, so he repented, after all, Wu Sangui is not an ordinary person, but also resisted the Qing army at the border pass for many years, it is impossible to lose his mind and take risks for a woman, and at that time Wu Sangui had a full army of fifty thousand. Without its own logistics system and fixed territory, it is impossible to resist the Dashun regime that has unified the north.
After Wu Sangui returned to Shanhaiguan, he naturally knew that he could not fight Li Zicheng by relying only on this little force in his hands, so he conspired with The Tiger and asked for the help of the regent of the Qing Dynasty, Dolgun.
Li Zicheng, who received the news, personally led nearly 100,000 troops to attack Wu Sangui on April 13, which was originally a stable arrangement, but the addition of the Dolgun side of the Great Qing Dynasty eventually led to Li Zicheng's great defeat.
It can be said that since then, the situation on Li Zicheng's side has taken a sharp turn for the worse, and it has plummeted from the sun to the sky, and even withdrew from Beijing.
In the Battle of Shanhaiguan, the key reason why Li Zicheng was defeated was that he implemented the policy of "chasing after stolen goods and aiding wages" politically, which triggered Wu Sangui to surrender and repent, as well as strategically contempt for the Qing regime outside Guanwai and improper military arrangements, resulting in not having too many main forces in the Beijing area, so he was caught off guard by the Qing army.
Third, Li Zicheng became emperor and then withdrew from Beijing
After returning to Beijing, according to historical records, Li Zicheng initially intended to stick to Beijing and made certain measures, but soon made a decision to withdraw from Beijing, planning to flee west, so on April 29, although Li Zicheng had been proclaimed emperor in Xi'an before, but after all, he was not in Beijing, so the enthronement ceremony was held in Beijing, and the next day the Dashun regime withdrew from Beijing.
As for why, one is the negative impact of the "recovery of stolen goods and assistance" policy explained above, after all, it offended the gentry class, in that era, the gentry class can be said to represent the people at the bottom, offending them, it is equivalent to no grass-roots support.
The second is that Li Zicheng is after all a person who stands at the cusp of the wind and flies up, let him be a tyrant for a while, let him be the lord of the day, it is simply impossible, so after the defeat at Shanhaiguan, Li Zicheng did not choose to hold on to Beijing, and mobilized troops to support, and then mobilized the entire northern resources to fight hard with the Qing Army, but continued the previous way of fighting with the Ming Army, in case of failure, the first is to flee, there is no clever method of warfare, just think of fleeing first, and then find an opportunity to make a comeback later, afraid of being surrounded by the Qing army in the city of Beijing. Can't wait for reinforcements to arrive.
However, the Qing army was not a Ming army after all, its combat effectiveness was very strong, and there was no pressure to fight on two fronts, so Li Zicheng's withdrawal was not only not returned to Beijing, but also a mess, and the following year he was tragically killed by local farmers in Hubei.
Therefore, people sometimes have to recognize their own strength, to put their own position clearly, otherwise the ambition is great, there is no matching strength, even if you encounter the wind outlet, you can fly very high, but once you pass this gust of wind, you need to rely on your own strength to soar in the sky, but without this strength, often the heavens will no longer take care of you, then you will fall at a faster speed than when you rise, and finally it is a miserable end.
This is not, Li Zicheng is a good example, such as the day in the middle of the day is considered to be the founding emperor of the next great unified dynasty, can be compared to the Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, is the Tang Taizong Li Shimin-style figure, the result turns out that Li Zicheng can never become Zhu Yuanzhang, nor can become Li Shimin, can only leave an embarrassing stroke in history, and at the same time complete the Qing Dynasty, which is in the post-yellow sparrow, so that it completes the snake swallowing elephant and becomes a golden-winged roc that soars for nine days.
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