Sun Quan's tomb robbery deeds
This article is written by Ni Fangliu
When I study the history of tomb robbery in China, I pay special attention to the tomb robbery that occurred during the Han and Wei dynasties. This is a rare "chaotic world" in Chinese history, and it is also the first wave of high incidence of tomb robbery, which is quite representative, rich in types of tomb robbery, and diverse motives.
The chaotic world produces heroes, but also tomb robbers.
Cao Cao Images
During this period, the famous tomb robbers included the chaotic heroes Dong Zhuo, Cao Cao, and Sun Quan.
All three were tomb robbers, Dong Zhuo had the most tomb robbers and the most destructive; Cao Cao had a lot of movements and the greatest influence; Sun Quan made a fortune in a muffled voice and was not noticed.
Judging from the historical records, Sun Quan's tomb robbery was first at the beginning of his reign as emperor. According to the Book of Song and Lizhi VI, Sun Quan was proclaimed emperor and the State of Wu was established, and according to the traditional ceremonial system, Sun Quan had to give his father Sun Jianli Temple in Linxiang County, Changsha County, the "Ancestral Temple" of Eastern Wu.
At that time, he sent people to dig up Wu Rui, the king of Changsha, and his motive was not to steal the treasures with the burial, but to take the best wood from the tomb to build the family temple, which became a major stain on Sun Quan's experience. Sun Quan did not want to publicize it, but because of the strange things that happened during the tomb robbery, it spread among the people.
Statue of Emperor Sun Quan
At that time, the body of the tomb owner Wu Rui was not decomposed and came to life. This is what the Taiping Guangji Tomb calls " , " Appearance is like life, clothes are immortal " .
Is Sun Quan's act a tomb robbery? Opinions vary. If Sun Quan's digging of Wu Rui's tomb is not a real tomb robber, then he sent someone to Guangzhou to steal the tomb of the King of Nanyue, which is an ironclad fact, which people remembered until the Ming Dynasty.
The Ming Dynasty Zhu Guozhen's "Yongdong Sketches and Ancient Tombs" said: "Wu HuangWuzhong, Jiaozhou engaged in Wu Yu's visit to Tuo's tomb, but failed to get it. ”
The "Wu Yu" here is the person in charge of the early front of Sun Quan's tomb robbery in Guangzhou.
The State of Nanyue was a fan state centered on the present-day city of Guangzhou. The first King of Nanyue, Zhao Tuo, was a native of Zhending (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei Province) during the Warring States period. Zhao Tuo lived for more than 100 years, and after his death, a large number of rare treasures were buried in the tomb.
The tomb of the second generation of Nanyue kings was discovered in 1983
Wang Fan of the Jin Dynasty recorded in the "Jiaoguang Spring and Autumn" that "the burial of Tuo, because the mountain is a tomb, its ridge can be described as luxurious, and the burial is precious." ”
Because of the rich burial of treasures, after Zhao Tuo was buried, many people wanted to steal his tomb, but unfortunately, by the time of the Three Kingdoms, 300 years had passed, and no one could succeed. In fact, there is still no jianghu legend of Zhao Tuo's tomb.
At this time, Guangzhou belonged to the territory of the State of Wu. Sun Quan also cared after hearing about it, if he could find Zhao Tuo's tomb, then the pressure on Wu Guo's military expenditure would be much less.
It is really not easy to find Zhao Tuo's tomb, and Zhao Tuo adopted a secret burial system after his death, and when he came out of the funeral, he made a blindfold method to confuse the world. Wang Fan of the Jin Dynasty said in the "Jiaoguang Chunqiu" that "Tuosheng has the Book of The Book of the Domain, and the Tomb of the Secret God is secret when he dies." ”
The Northern Song Dynasty Zheng Xiong's "Panyu Magazine" is more specific: "Zhao Tuo suspected that the tomb was two hundred steps northeast of the county, and it is said that there were several tombs in the Tuo death camp, and the burial, the funeral car came out of the four doors, so the location of the tomb was unknown." ”
The Ming Dynasty Zhu Guozhen's "Yongdong Sketches and Ancient Tombs" also has a similar saying: "The tomb of King Zhao Tuo of Yue is in Hainan, from Jilonggang in the south to the patio in the north, and liangang is connected to the mountains." Tuo buried, the car came out, and the coffin was undecided. ”
Sun Quan first arranged for Jiaozhou to engage in Wu Yu's local overt and covert visits to collect information on Zhao Tuo's cemetery, but no valuable clues were found for many days.
However, Wu Yu did not find nothing, and in the process of investigation, he obtained accurate information about the tomb of Zhao Baoqi, the third generation of The King of South Vietnam.
After Sun Quan listened to Wu Yu's secret report, he decided to send troops to Guangzhou, but he could not find zhao Tuo's tomb and Zhao Baoqi's tomb.
Map of the Three Kingdoms
At that time, the Cao Wei clique had always been eyeing Wu Guohu, but Sun Quan was eager to steal the tomb and put national defense and security aside. Sun Quan asked the general Lü Dai to lead a "special force" of several thousand soldiers over the mountains and mountains to Guangzhou, just to steal the tomb of the King of Nanyue.
In the Book of Jin by Wang Yin of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Sun Quan's theft of the tomb of the King of Nanyue is recorded: "Wu sent Lü Dai to Guangzhou, and sent a lieutenant to dig up his (referring to Zhao Tuo) tomb, and the cost was not gained. Though he stood arrogantly, he died cautiously, but he did not know where he was, in view of the remnants of the shepherd. ”
The tombs of the Nanyue kings are all stone chambers, built secretly from the mountains, carefully camouflaged after burial, leaving no traces on the ground, and the anti-tomb robbery homework is done enough. Unlike the imperial tombs of the Central Plains in the north, there will be large tombs, lest people do not know that there are tombs there.
This claim has been confirmed by modern archaeological discoveries.
The second generation of the King of Nanyue, Jinyin
In June 1983, the tomb of zhao Xiao, the second generation of The King of Nanyue, was accidentally discovered in Xiangshan, Guangzhou. The tomb passage was blocked with large stones, the heaviest of which was nearly 1 ton, and one or two people could not open it at all. During exploration and excavation, several Luoyang shovels were rolled up or broken by stones.
When Lü Dai's men dug the tomb of the third generation of Zhao Baoqi, the third generation king, when they were blocked by the stubborn stones, how he finally stole it became a mystery.
The burial items in Zhao Baoqi's tomb are not as rich as Zhao Tuo's tomb, but they are also enough.
According to the "Jiaoguang Chunqiu", after opening the burial chamber, baby Qi was found wearing a gold and jade robe, lying in a coffin. The ornaments on the body are made of pure gold, and there are 36 jade seals, gold seals, and 3 bronze swords, which are engraved with exquisite dragon-like patterns.
The tomb of the second generation of Nanyue kings unearthed jade clothes
Sun Quan, who tasted the sweetness, asked Lü Dai's soldiers to continue to "dig tunnels" to find Zhao Tuo's tomb, and stole all the suspicious places around Guangzhou, but in the end there was still no shadow of Zhao Tuo's tomb.
Sun Quan's tomb robbery in Guangzhou is recorded in the most detail in the Book of Guangdong Xinyu by Qu Dajun of the Qing Dynasty, and the full copy is as follows:
"Zhao Tuo, the King of Wu of South Vietnam, is said to have been buried in Yushan Mountain, Guangzhou, from the north of Jilonggang to the patio, and even the mountains and mountains, all called Tuo Tomb." "Jiaoguang Spring and Autumn" Yun: Tuo Sheng has the Book of Worship and the Secret Tomb of the Secret God. Yes also. Sun Quan tried to send Jiaozhou to engage in Wu Yu's visit, but he did not know where it was. The tomb of the Ming Dynasty Infant Qi, excavated, jade box beads, gold as ornaments, there are jade seal gold seal thirty-six, bronze sword three, rotten dragon text. And the tomb of King Wen Hu is also unknown. There was a big gang behind the tomb, and the Qin dynasty occupiers said that they had the qi of heaven, and the first emperor sent emissaries to cut through this gang, which was more than twenty zhang deep and bleeding for several days. The present chisel resembles a saddle and is called Saddle Gang. ”
Portrait of Sun Xiu
It may be that the founding emperor Sun Quan brought a bad head, and the tomb robbery of the State of Wu did not lose Cao Wei.
When Emperor Wu Jing's Sun Xiu was emperor, the officers and soldiers stationed at Jiangling also learned from Sun Quan's theft of the tomb of Wu Rui, the king of Changsha, and dug up all the ancient tombs nearby in the name of building city defenses.
This incident is recorded in the Jin Dynasty's "Baopuzi Inner Chapter": "Shu will dig a grave in Jiangling (also known as Guangling) and take Banzhi City." ”
At that time, the soldiers dug up a princely tomb, and there were many bronze people buried in the tomb. The soldier pried open the coffin and saw that the body lying inside was not decomposing: "The sideburns (spots) are white and distinct, and the face is like a living person." ”
During the treasure hunt, the soldiers lifted the body from the coffin and leaned against the tomb wall. At this time, Leng Buding fell from the corpse's arms a jade winter melon more than 1 foot long, and when he saw that the corpse's ears and nostrils were stuffed with gold nuggets the size of dates.
Jade winter melon (modern)
During the reign of Sun Hao, the king of the fallen country, he allowed the people to dig up the ancestral graves of the rich people in Jingzhou and chiseled the mountains near Jingzhou, saying that they were "tired of winning":
"The first one who looked forward to the qi in Yunjingzhou had a royal qi, and it was unfavorable to break Yangzhou and build the Palace of Industry, so Hao moved to Wuchang, and sent emissaries to dig up the famous family tombs of the jingzhou border ministers and the people who were connected with the mountains and hills to disgust them."
Pei Songzhi annotated the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, and when writing about Sun Hao's biography, he specifically quoted this record in the "Spring and Autumn of the Han Dynasty".
The tomb of the second generation of The King of Nanyue unearthed jade