【Ancient Physicians】-Song Ci Character Profile Main Experience Works Academic Content II. The Importance of Good Officials Clinical Application Anecdotal Allusions Character Evaluation Of Later Influences

Song Ci, a native of the Song Dynasty, was an outstanding forensic scientist in ancient China and was known as the "Father of Forensic Science". He once served as a criminal prison officer in Guangdong, Hunan and other places, and focused on field inspection in handling cases. In 1247 AD, he wrote the five-volume "Collection of Washed Grievances", which was the first systematic forensic science monograph in China and the earliest forensic science monograph in the world, which was widely disseminated at home and abroad and made significant contributions to the development of medicine.

His ancestor was Song Jing, a famous chancellor of the Tang Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Ci's ancestor Song Shiqing came from Jiande County, Zhejiang Province, to Jianyang to serve as Jianyang Cheng and lived here. His father, Song Gong, served as the governor of Guangzhou Jiedu (節度) who made the shogunate in charge of the prisons, and his family was well-off. Song Ci was educated by his father from an early age, and at the age of 10, he learned from Wu Zhi, a scholar from Jianyang County and Zhu Xi's senior brother, and was taught by Wu Zhi's classmates Huang Gan, Li Fangzi and other celebrities. He attaches great importance to practice and strives for true knowledge.

In the first year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1205), he entered the capital to enter Taixue, and was deeply appreciated by Dr. Zhen Dexiu of Taixue, so he worshiped him as a teacher.

In the tenth year of Jiading (1217), Song Cizhong was appointed as a lieutenant of Yin County, Zhejiang (present-day Ningbo, Zhejiang), but did not go to office when his father fell ill.

In the second year of Baoqing (1226), he began to embark on his career and served as the chief bookkeeper of Xinfeng County, Jiangxi Province.0 During the Southern Song Dynasty, in the Gansu and Fujian regions, the people were poor, the land was narrow, and the people were densely populated, and the people were in deep trouble, and civil rebellion and military turmoil occurred frequently. Pacification made Zheng Zhizhimu have the ability to eliminate chaos and rebels, and extended to the shogunate to participate in the military. When Liu Kezhuang bid farewell to Song Ci, he wrote the words "Man Jiang Hong, Sending Song Hui's Father into the Jiangxi Curtain". At that time, the ethnic minorities in Sanzhili in southern Jiangxi were in turmoil, and the places in Gannan were in chaos for hundreds of miles, and Liu Kezhuang not only hoped that Song Ci would put down the rebellion as soon as possible and go home quickly. He also advised his friends not to brutally suppress the rebellious people, but to take measures to recruit security, and it was necessary to properly handle this matter, song Ci promised on the spot after hearing it.

Later, Song Ci participated in the campaign to quell the "Three Thieves". He first helped the starving people of the Six Forts, and then led three hundred troops to break the stone gate village, captured the enemy chieftain, and "specially granted the people" because of his outstanding military achievements. At the end of his term of office, Jiangxi proposed that Ye Zai appoint Song Ci as his staff.

Soon, on the recommendation of Zhen Dexiu, Song Ci entered the Fujian Road to recruit the envoy Chen Wei (陈韡韡) to participate in the suppression of the rebellion in central Fujian. Song Ci "raised the lone army to advance from Zhuzhou and fought for more than three hundred miles", and even the commander of the long-experienced Fengdi was impressed by him and praised him for his "loyalty and courage through the military generals". In terms of military planning, he also consulted song ci a lot.

Because of Chen's appreciation, in the fourth year of Shaoding (1231), Song Ci was appointed as Changting Zhi County. Song Ci was appointed as the commander of Changting County. The people of the county are suffering from the high price of salt, and the salt is transported from Haikou to Changting, and it cannot be transported every other year. At the beginning of his tenure, he changed from Chaozhou along the Han River and Ting River to Changting, and the round trip was only 3 months, which greatly saved freight. The government sold salt cheaply, and the people sang the praises.

At that time, When Emperor Lizong of Song (Zhao Yun) ascended the throne, the Southern Song Dynasty wanted to unite with Mongolia to break the gold, and as a result, the soldiers were defeated, coupled with Jia Xiangdao's abuse of power, Emperor Lizong's passive and sluggish administration, the military disasters, the situation was getting worse and worse, and the internal affairs became more and more corrupt.

In the third year of Duanping (1236), Tongzhi privy councillor Wei weng hired Song Ci as an aide.

In the first year of Emperor Lizong's reign (1237), he served as the general judge of Shao Wujun (present-day Fujian), only for the anniversary. The following year, when there was a famine in western Zhejiang, Song Ci was ordered to enter the country and sighed: "The great chamber of The Strong Emperor, who first went to avoid endowments, and finally closed his mouth to invite profits, I should be his plan." Therefore, the "Law of Ji Yu" was implemented, dividing the households into five grades; the richest people saved grain and half of the grain; the richer people only gave and helped; the middle poor did not help; the poor were half-helped; the extremely poor were all-aided, and the Zimi was allocated by the government, and half of the taxes were suspended. The rich did not dare to disobey orders, and the poor were able to survive the years of famine.

Soon after, he was transferred to the post of Commander of Theory. Although he was frequently transferred, Song Ci entered the country everywhere he went, benefited his people, and had a good reputation.

In the third year of Jiaxi (1239), he was promoted to The Governor of Ganzhou.) In the following year, he mentioned the Guangdong prison and found that most of the officials under his command did not perform their duties, and some of the criminals who had been detained for several years had not been sorted out. Therefore, a case-handling statute was formulated, and the subordinate officials were ordered to carry out the case within a time limit, and more than 200 criminals were dealt with in only 8 months. He was transferred to Jiangxi to be the head of the Prison, where he was the master of the Gan people and strictly punished salt dealers who violated the law.

In the fifth year of Chunyou (1245), he was transferred to Zhizhou in Changzhou, discussed the revision of the Biling Zhi, and began to edit the records of the washed injustices. At the end of his term of office, he was transferred to Guangxi to raise a point of imprisonment, patrolled various departments, and forbade violence in the snow, although he was a remote and evil place, he would also personally inspect it. Song Ci is honest and loves the people, and the law enforcement is strict. In particular, "in prison cases, trial and trial, do not dare to be slow and easy to change hearts."

In the seventh year of Chunyou (1247), he served as the Secretary of the Zhi Cabinet and the Envoy of The Punishment of Hunan Province. It was the winter of that year, and it was written into the "Collection of Washed Grievances".

In the eighth year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1248), he was appointed as a scholar of Baomu Gezhi and was ordered to tour the four roads and take charge of the prison. Listen to the lawsuit clearly, and make a decisive decision. In the following year, he was promoted to huanzhangge zhishi, guangzhou zhizhou and Guangdong jingli appeasement envoy. He suddenly fell ill with dizziness and still attended the ceremony of the altar. I can't afford it anymore. He died in Guanyu, Guangzhou, on the seventh day of March of the same year, at the age of 64. On July 15 of the following year, he was buried in Changmao Village, the ancestral residence of the Song clan in Jianyang County (present-day Chongluo Township), Jianyang County.

Song Ci's "Collection of Washed Grievances" is the world's earliest forensic monograph.

First, the primary position of evidence

In order to find out the truth of the case, the official government of the Southern Song Dynasty placed the evidence in the first place: "When there is a deceased person, he will be investigated for his death"; in the case of human life, the murder weapon must be seized; the murderer must be convicted and the body must be seized; the autopsy must be examined to find fatal injuries, otherwise it is not easy to close the case, it is a suspicious case. "The great prison begins with the examination." Under the guiding ideology of "prudent punishment", the existence of criminal facts as the basis for conviction and sentencing has become the criterion in judicial practice, and the facts of the crime must be based on sufficient evidence, which is the so-called "side to seek evidence left, or there is falsification; direct evidence testing, Si is true."

In his book, Song Ci repeatedly emphasizes that the inspection and investigation work for the purpose of finding evidence should be cautious and cautious, and give an example. Because the examination of fatal injuries is very important to the conviction and sentencing of the perpetrator, Song Ci stressed that during the inspection, it must be carefully examined, "where there are many injuries, only one mark is designated as the key fatal"; if it is a crowd fight, "if there are two marks on the dead person, they can be fatal, and if these two marks are committed by one person, they are harmless; if it is two people, then one person pays for his life, and one person does not pay for his life, it must be within two marks, and the heaviest one is fatal." "However, if two people are stabbed and struck at the same time, it is more difficult to determine which one is primarily responsible for the fatal injury. Thinking of this layer, Song Ci's consideration can be regarded as complete.

"Prisons use torture to obtain confessions", traditional Chinese society has always attached importance to the collection of confessions. Although confessions are important, this illegal means of obtaining confessions has long been spurned by the people of the world, not to mention "witnessing people or tolerating hypocrisy."Song Ci believes that it is necessary to "visit in many ways, make sure that the participants are one, and must not rely on one or two people to say that they believe it", and "the complainant must not be credible, it must be examined in detail, and it must be truthful", on the one hand, because "the evidence must be truthful", on the other hand, it is impossible to listen to one side of the word, in case there are drawbacks.

The failure to believe in confessions was also reflected in the law of the time, and even if the convict confessed, the evidence must be found; conversely, even if the convict did not confess, in the case of conclusive physical evidence, he could be convicted and sentenced, and everything must be "judged according to the facts".

It is impossible to travel back in time to the past, and it is impossible to "reproduce the situation" of the case, so the so-called "truth" cannot be restored one hundred percent, but the inspection and investigation is related to human life, and the matter of the after-the-fact inspection must be fully in place, so that it is constantly close to one hundred percent true, and the truth is returned to the truth.

How to do the inspection thing fully and in place? In addition to recognizing the importance of evidence, Song Ci believes that it mainly depends on the official. "If the officials are not good, there is a law and there is no way to keep it", which was the ruling belief that the ruling class had always adhered to at that time. His enlightenment to today's people is that the rules of the organization of the judiciary are more important than the rules of procedure and evidence. What is the use of poor judges, even the best procedures and substantive laws?

How cautious is the decree? Song Ci mentions a lot in the book, and here are a few points to say.

First, poor civilian officials. Since the military attaché is "even more profound", if he encounters "the deception of the servants and the treachery of the officials", it will make the case obscure and confusing, making it difficult to investigate. "Such as a remote and small county", there is a real shortage of civilian officials, "the right of the re-examiner is poor literacy military attaché".

Second, everything must be done personally, and no full-time official must be appointed. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizong once said to the chancellor: "It is quite well heard that Taichung is in prison, and Yushi is not prostrate, and the curtain is graceful, with self-esteem." If you are entrusted with the task of appointing xu officials, and seek no wrongdoing, how can you get it?" Song Ci also said in the "Ordinance" that those who "do not come to see in person" should "violate the theory of violation". It is necessary to personally require that the inspector must carefully examine, judge, and supervise in order to prevent the occurrence of mistests, missed tests, mischief, cheating, etc., rather than just looking at each other from afar, or even "covering their noses and disdaining". "Do what you have to do" is an ancient version of judicial experience.

Third, "those who should be sent to officials such as those who should be rehabilitated, and those who are not suspected of being relatives and suspects", which stipulates the system of recusal for officials. "The big jailer, so the straight, the snow is wronged also." If the rich win, the rich lose, the one who has the helpers stretches, the ones who do not help yield, the strong are strong, and the poor and weak are wronged, will the country be blessed? The foolish scholars and masters listen to the judges, hold the peace as a balance, and do everything as a fair thing, why is the world not at peace? This sentence reflects Song Ci's idea of stability, and if everything is done to the public, the world will be stable.

In addition, the law stipulates that officials are changed every three years and cannot serve in their hometowns, which plays a good role in preventing interference in judicial activities such as kinship, old and feuds.

Song Ci repeatedly stressed that the examination of cases concerns human life, and that "those who are in charge should be investigated" in the book; in order to prevent adultery and deception, inspectors must not "receive officials, xiucai, or monks in the vicinity," because these officials, xiucai, monks, and so on have certain local forces, can go to the government office, and can gather the people at the bottom, and once they participate in the matter of reversing the facts of the case, it will be extremely unfavorable to the truth of the case.

In addition to conducting a careful and careful investigation of the body, injury and scene, the inspector should pay attention to the investigation and visit of the surrounding area and relevant personnel, and only after comprehensively considering all the factors can he obtain correct and effective evidence, so that his own test results can be confirmed and the truth of the case can be discovered.

To become a qualified and excellent inspector, Song Ci believes that there must be at least two tricks: one is the examination technology of corpses and injuries, and the other is the consideration of comprehensive quality. And the latter is even more important.

Song Ci "collected the books passed down in recent times", "for a while, pure and correct", coupled with many years of practical experience, "increased his own opinions", and finally wrote a "Collection of Washed Injustices". He served four terms as the Prison Division, led by example, and was cautious about prison affairs, as he said, he truly achieved "being alone in prison cases, trying and trying again, and not daring to be slow and easy-hearted." Song Ci put forward a universal standard for qualified judges - to wash away wrongs!

Another outstanding manifestation of the Song's non-mud teachings is the attitude towards corpses, especially the ability to expose and examine the hidden parts of the corpses. According to the dogma of the science of "seeing, hearing, speaking, and acting in a manner", "there is no delusion inside, no delusion outside", when examining a corpse, the hidden parts must be covered up, so as not to be suspected of "delusion" and "delusion". Out of the actual needs of the examination, Song Ci completely broke the forbidden area of autopsy in the context of the ethical concepts and specific practices of the time. He warned the procuratorial officials: We must not let people cover the secret places, and all holes must be "carefully examined" to see whether there are deadly foreign bodies such as needles and knives inserted into them. He also specifically pointed out: "All women should not be ashamed" and should be carried to a "bright and stable place". If the deceased is a rich handmaiden, the body must be carried to the road for examination, "so that everyone can see it and avoid suspicion." Such an examination of the corpse was too "evil" in the eyes of the theorists, that is, the Taoists, at that time. However, this is very necessary to clarify the facts of the case and prevent relevant personnel from using this ethical concept to cover up the truth of the case. Song Shi resolutely obeyed the reality and swept away the Taoist qi, which was rare and precious. It was only because the Song clan was born in Zhumen that it was inconvenient for them to openly criticize Cheng Zhu's idealism by name, as thoughters such as Chen Liang and Ye Shi did at the same time. But he used his own behavior and scientific works to advocate the realistic and truth-seeking materialist thought, which has the same positive significance as Chen and Ye's criticism.

In the Collected Works of Injustice, there are some testing methods that, although they belong to the category of experience, dovetail with modern science and are amazing. For example, the use of a clear oil umbrella to examine the bone scars is an example: "Autopsy and bone injuries, traces do not appear, with lees (lees), vinegar splashed corpses, in the open air with new oil silk or open oil umbrella to cover the desired place, to see the sun umbrella, the traces are present." If it rains, take a hot charcoal insulation. This good law also". "If there is a beating on the bone, there is a red road, a slight shade; where the bone is broken, there is a blood halo at both ends of the stretch; and then look at the sun with a trace of bone, and the red life is clearly marked before death." If there is no blood on the bone, even if it is damaged, it is a postmortem mark. "This examination of bone damage, like modern ultraviolet irradiation, is based on optical principles. It's just that Song Ci was limited to the level of science and technology at that time, in a state that had not yet been conscious, knowing it but not knowing why it was so. The bones are opaque objects that selectively reflect sunlight. When the light passes through the bright oil umbrella or the new oil silk umbrella, the part of the light that affects the observation is absorbed, so it is easy to see the scar. For example, the method of saving the hanging in the book is almost no different from the contemporary artificial respiration method. There are also drugs such as bad, vinegar, white plum, and five-fold seeds to wash and cover the scars, which have the effect of preventing external infections, eliminating inflammation, and fixing wounds, which is also consistent with modern scientific principles, but the drugs used are different. The list goes on. The author uses and records these methods with the aim of finding out the real causes of death and injury, all of which embody the scientific spirit of seeking truth and truth.

One day, he saw a suicide case in a closed case file, the deceased was a cropper, he felt that there were very few cases of the cropper's suicide, there must be a last resort, must be a dead end, and there is no detailed reason for suicide in the case file, so he decided to take advantage of the case shortly after the case occurred, to retry it. The first step, he first opened the coffin autopsy, found the wound in the abdomen of the deceased, the knife is light, the knife is heavy, according to the servants, after the crime, the knife is in the hands of the deceased, but not tight, he feels more suspicious, there must be twists and turns. Therefore, he visited the neighbors, relatives and friends of the deceased, and finally found out the grievances and exposed the truth of a murder case of rape of women and the killing of innocents.

It turned out that after there was an official eunuch named Wu Liang in the locality, Yu Yin, who had been the father of Hubu Shangshu, was greedy and lustful, and acted recklessly, and it happened that the county governor was his father's protégé, and he was not a proper official, often making the adulterers go unpunished, and the people had already complained. One day, Wu Liang saw a young woman with outstanding appearance, intending to get involved, and found out that she was the new wife of the cropper, and the housekeeper who assisted and abetted the abuse offered a plan to quietly kill the cropper and abduct the bride in the form of suicide. He also took out a sum of silver and put a large joint on the yamen, so a murder case was hastily closed. Wu Liang not only enjoyed the impunity, but also enjoyed the blessings of yan. However, Song Ci rearranged the case, arrested Wu Liang and the housekeeper to punish him, and the grievances of the croppers were finally rehabilitated, winning the praise of the local people and causing a sensation.

In his more than twenty years of eunuch career, Song Ci was a clean and honest official, lived a simple life, had no other hobbies in his life, but loved to collect different books and famous posters, and liked gold stone carvings. In his later years, he was more modest and cautious, cherished talents, and although he was a descendant, he was promoted and recommended by anyone who had a skill. He was old and sick, and all official duties were personally examined, meticulous and cautious.

Song Ci was brave and brave, and had both strategy and strategy, and was trained by the main bookkeeper zhi county and prefecture, so Lu Xinyuan of the Qing Dynasty wrote "Song Shiyi" to include Song Ci in the "Biography of The Follower" and compared it with Xin Zhiyi.

What Song Ci showed in the theory and practice of forensic science was a materialist tendency. In the specific examination of the body, that is, to diagnose the cause of death of the deceased, it is very technical, and it is difficult to diagnose the disease of the living to a certain extent. It is necessary not only to have good ideological character, but also to have a deep foundation in medicine and grasp many scientific knowledge and methods. Song Ci, who was born in Confucianism, had no knowledge of medicine or other related sciences. In order to make up for this deficiency, on the one hand, he assiduously studied medical works and applied the relevant physiological, pathological, pharmacological, toxicological knowledge and diagnostic methods to the actual examination of casualties; on the other hand, he conscientiously summed up the experience of his predecessors to prevent "mistakes in prison conditions" and "mistakes in determination". In the practice of testing for many years, we strive to test the diversity and scientificity of the methods, and we can say that we have spared no effort in this regard. Judging only from the book "Collection of Washed Grievances" that has been handed down to the present day, the variety and comprehensiveness of the test methods contained in it, and the high degree of accuracy are unprecedented. This is also the most exciting content of the book with high technology content.

Disclaimer: The article is forwarded from the China Medical Information Inquiry Platform

Edit: Sister Xin

Review: Bug Brother