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盤點2023 | 李志銘教授:2023年度淋巴瘤診斷和治療進展

作者:惡性良性腫瘤界2022
盤點2023 | 李志銘教授:2023年度淋巴瘤診斷和治療進展

陳婷婷,李志銘(中山大學惡性良性腫瘤防治中心 内科,廣州 510060)

通信作者:李志銘

E-mail:[email protected]

盤點2023 | 李志銘教授:2023年度淋巴瘤診斷和治療進展

李志銘 教授

中山大學惡性良性腫瘤防治中心内科

教授 主任醫師 博士生導師

中國老年保健協會惡性良性腫瘤免疫治療專業委員會 主任委員

中國老年保健協會淋巴瘤專業委員會 秘書長

中國抗癌協會青年理事會 常務理事

中國臨床惡性良性腫瘤學會抗淋巴瘤聯盟 副秘書長、常委

中國抗癌協會淋巴瘤專業委員會 常委

中國抗癌協會淋巴瘤專業委員會青年委員會 副主任委員

中國醫師協會惡性良性腫瘤醫師分會青年委員會 副主任委員

中國臨床惡性良性腫瘤學會頭頸惡性良性腫瘤專家委員會 常委

中國醫藥教育協會淋巴瘤分會 常委

中國抗癌協會神經惡性良性腫瘤專業委員會中樞神經系統淋巴瘤學組 副組長

廣東省抗癌協會淋巴瘤專業委員會 主任委員

廣東省臨床醫學學會頭頸惡性良性腫瘤綜合治療專業委員會 主任委員

廣東省抗癌協會靶向與個體化治療專業委員會 副主任委員

廣東省中西醫結合學會惡性良性腫瘤免疫專業委員會 副主任委員

廣東省健康管理學會生育力保護專業委員會 副主任委員

廣東省抗癌協會化療專業委員會 常委

廣東省臨床醫學學會咽喉惡性良性腫瘤專業委員會 常委

【摘要】淋巴瘤是一組起源于淋巴細胞的惡性惡性良性腫瘤,有90多個亞型。傳統上分為非霍奇金淋巴瘤和霍奇金淋巴瘤。近年來的研究改變了淋巴瘤現有的治療格局,不同亞型淋巴瘤的治療方案有所不同。本文旨在綜述2023年度淋巴瘤診斷和治療進展。

【關鍵詞】非霍奇金淋巴瘤;霍奇金淋巴瘤;淋巴細胞;治療進展

淋巴瘤是起源于淋巴造血系統的惡性惡性良性腫瘤,有90多個亞型。根據惡性良性腫瘤細胞形态傳統上分為非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,NHL)和霍奇金淋巴瘤(Hodgkin's lymphoma,HL)[1]。據統計,全球HL新發病例和死亡病例中,中國分别占10.8%和9.8%,NHL分别占20.1%和17.4%[2]。淋巴瘤主要表現為無痛性淋巴結腫大,肝脾腫大,全身各組織器官均可受累,伴發熱、盜汗、不明原因的體重減輕等症狀。診斷時首選淋巴結切除活檢。Lugano分類系統(用于NHL和HL分期分級的一種國際通用标準)結合正電子發射斷層掃描/計算機斷層掃描(positron emission computed tomography/computed tomography,PET/CT)顯示淋巴瘤分期的症狀和疾病程度,然後依據其結果用于确定治療方案。治療方案在不同亞型淋巴之間有所不同,近年來,新藥層出不窮,為淋巴瘤患者帶來新的希望。本文旨在總結2023年度惡性淋巴瘤新的、可用的診療方法的研究進展。

1、HL

早期預後良好的HL患者經過2~4周期ABVD(多柔比星、博來黴素、長春新堿和達卡巴嗪)方案化療+放射治療(簡稱放療)是目前的标準治療[3];有預後不良風險因素早期患者,一般采用放化療,但是化療周期數、化療方案、放療劑量仍存在争議[4-6]。而随着維布妥昔單抗(brentuximab vedotin,BV)和程式性細胞死亡蛋白1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)抑制劑的問世,早期HL的治療格局也發生了改變。BREACH研究評估了BV聯合AVD(多柔比星、長春新堿和達卡巴嗪)方案在早期預後不良患者中的有效性和安全性,結果發現BV可改善2個療程後PET/CT診斷的陰性率[7]。NIVAHL試驗的最新随訪結果顯示:納武利尤(nivolumab,Nivo)單抗聯合或序貫AVD治療組的3年總生存(overall survival,OS)率均為100%,聯合治療組及序貫治療組的3年無進展生存(progression-free survival,PFS)率分别為100%、98%[8]。BV和Nivo聯合多柔比星和達卡巴嗪(AN+AD)在早期非腫塊型經典型HL(classical Hodgkin's lymphoma,cHL)中具有良好的療效和可控的安全性,且毒性可能低于含長春花堿的治療方案。

對于晚期(ⅡB~Ⅳ期)患者,提高持久緩解率,同時降低長期毒性是一大挑戰。ECHELON-1研究奠定了BV-AVD方案在晚期HL的一線地位[9]。PD-1抑制劑聯合BV或化療也是目前嘗試的方向。CheckMate 205試驗隊列D的結果顯示Nivo單藥治療後再使用N-AVD是一種安全且有效的晚期cHL的方案[10]。另一方面,研究發現N-AVD在晚期HL中比BV-AVD有更優的PFS,但由于随訪時間較短,還未觀察到OS上的獲益[11]。此外,帕博利珠單抗也在cHL的一線應用具有較大潛力[12]。老年HL患者目前尚無标準治療,減毒的同時保證療效是目前的首要目标。SGN35-015研究最近報道了BV-DTIC(每3周給藥1次,共16次)及BV-Nivo(每3周給藥1次,共16次)在不适合化療的老年HL一線應用資料,BV-DTIC組和BV-Nivo組分别有45%、76%的患者發生≥3級治療相關不良事件,兩組均取得較好的客觀緩解率(objective response rate,ORR),這表明BV-DTIC和BV+Nivo或可成為老年HL無法耐受化療的一線方案[13]。

據統計,20%~30%的HL患者一線治療後會複發,挽救性化療序貫自體造血幹細胞移植(autologous stem cell transplantation,ASCT)是标準治療方案,治愈率約為50%[14-16]。近年來,BV在複發/難治性(recurrent/refractory,R/R)cHL領域不斷取得新的進展。多項研究報道R/R HL患者ASCT前後使用BV可以改善治愈率[17-18]。Nivo是第1個獲批用于R/R cHL的PD-1抑制劑。最近,一項多中心Ⅱ期臨床研究報道了BV+Nivo作為高危cHL患者HSCT後的鞏固治療的資料,18個月PFS率為94%[19],療效優于包括AETHERA[17]在内的其他研究結果。BV聯合免疫檢查點抑制劑(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)的減毒方案有望進一步改善患者預後。Checkmate205試驗結果表明,無論是否有BV治療史,Nivo都有着高效且長久的反應[20]。最近一項研究中,研究人員将BV和Nivo單抗聯合應用于無法耐受其他治療或複發的患者,患者在治療期間達到的ORR為85%,完全緩解(complete response,CR)率為67%[21]。CheckMate 744研究結果表明:5~30歲低危R/R HL的兒童、青少年和年輕患者可以通過BV-Nivo挽救,進而省略高劑量化療(high-dose chemotherapy,HDCT)/自體幹細胞移植(auto-hematopoietic cell transplantation,HCT,auto-HCT)[22]。另一項Ⅰ、Ⅱ期多中心研究則對BV聯合免疫單藥或免疫雙藥治療R/R cHL的可行性進行了探索,結果顯示:在61例可評估療效R/R cHL患者中,BV+伊匹木單抗方案、BV+Nivo方案和BV+伊匹木單抗+Nivo方案的ORR分别為76%、89%和82%,CR率分别為57%、61%和73%,1年PFS率分别為61%、70%和80%[23]。此外,其他ICIs聯合BV也在R/R HL中展示出良好的安全性和有效性[24]。

而既往接受過ICIs和BV失敗的R/R HL人群也可選擇其他靶向治療,例如:來那度胺[25]、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)抑制劑/哺乳動物雷帕黴素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)抑制劑[26]、組蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HDAC)抑制劑[27]、Janus激酶(Janus-activated kinase,JAK)抑制劑[28]、CD25抗體-藥物偶聯物[29]或抗CD30嵌合抗原受體T細胞療法(chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy,CAR-T)治療[30]。值得注意的是,CD30 CAR-T療法在R/R HL中表現出強大的臨床活性,并且具有良好的耐受性和可控的毒性[31-35]。但需要進一步的研究來制訂适合每例患者的個體化治療方案,以便更容易地選擇最佳的治療時機,并将長期毒性降到最低。

2、NHL

2.1 B細胞淋巴瘤

彌漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)是一組在形态學、遺傳學和臨床表現等方面具有異質性的疾病。約1/3的局限期患者接受以利妥昔(rituximab,R)單抗為基礎的免疫治療預後良好[36],5年PFS率可高達80%~90%[37]。雖然2/3患者經過R-CHOP(環磷酰胺+多柔比星+長春新堿+潑尼松)方案治療可獲得較好的療效,但仍有較多患者的預後較差。強化化療是研究者們首先考慮進行的探索,但諸多研究中僅R-ACVBP(多柔比星,環磷酰胺,長春地辛,博來黴素和潑尼松,誘導期R-ACVBP每2周給藥1次,共4次;鞏固期先行2個療程甲氨蝶呤及亞葉酸鈣解救,随後行4個療程利妥昔單抗+依托泊苷+異環磷酰胺化療,最後進行2個周期阿糖胞苷治療,每次鞏固療效間隔2周給藥1次)方案明顯改善了年輕晚期患者的PFS和OS,但毒性較R-CHOP明顯增加[33],R-DA-EPOCH(依托泊苷,潑尼松,長春新堿,環磷酰胺和多柔比星)劑量調正方案和HDCT聯合ASCT的鞏固治療同樣以失敗告終[34-35]。由此可見,強化化療并不是增強療效的有效手段。

為提高DLBCL的治愈率,臨床嘗試在R-CHOP标準方案上加入新靶向藥X(新靶向藥的代号)。non-GCB亞型(非生發中心來源的DLBCL)對激活的B細胞核因子κ-輕鍊增強子(nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells,NF-κB)信号通路的依賴性較強,但是硼替佐米-R-CHOP方案并未改善患者的生存結局[36-37]。一項Ⅱ期臨床研究發現,來那度胺在活化B細胞樣(activated B cell-like,ABC)亞型中表現出較強的活性,但在一項更大規模的随機Ⅲ期研究中,結果卻為陰性[38-39]。PHOENIX研究公布了伊布替尼+R-CHOP方案在non-GCB亞型中的療效,結果發現伊布替尼并未改善整體人群的生存結局,但在年輕(年齡<60歲)患者中無事件生存(event free survival,EFS)、PFS和OS均有所改善[40]。新一代布魯頓氏酪氨酸激酶(Bruton tyrosine kinase,BTK)抑制劑阿可替尼為基礎的聯合治療方案治療DLBCL患者的初步探索也取得了良好的療效和安全性[41]。但目前尚無臨床試驗成功改變R-CHOP标準方案。DLBCL的生物學異質性特征可能導緻了患者對R-CHOP-X方案應答的多樣化[42]。維泊妥珠(polatuzumab,Pola)單抗是靶向CD79b的抗體偶聯藥物(antibody drug conjugate,ADC),基于POLARIX研究的結果已獲批用于DLBCL的一線治療,其結果顯示Pola顯著提升了2年PFS率和2年EFS率,促使患者獲得更為持久的緩解[43]。

回顧性研究表明:伴有MYC和BCL-2和/或BCL-6基因重排(雙打擊/三打擊淋巴瘤)的進階别B細胞淋巴瘤與R-CHOP方案治療後的不良預後相關[44-45]。一項DA-EPOCH-R方案治療MYC重排DLBCL的小型多中心Ⅱ期研究顯示患者的4年EFS率為71%,DA-EPOCH-R方案已成為雙打擊/三打擊淋巴瘤的标準治療方案[46]。目前,BCL-2抑制劑維奈克拉和CAR-T療法也是正在探索的治療方法[47-48]。

一項單臂Ⅱ期研究表明,在80~95歲患者中,降低劑量的R-CHOP方案(R-mini-CHOP)的療效與全劑量R-CHOP方案相當,并且安全性可控[49]。而對于不适合使用蒽環類藥物的患者,可以考慮使用依托泊苷或吉西他濱替代多柔比星[50-51]。考慮到ABC亞型的發病率随年齡的增加而增加,一項開放随機研究探索了在≥80歲患者的R-mini-CHOP中加入來那度胺與R-mini-CHOP的比較,雖然2年OS和PFS無明顯差異,但這項研究進一步證明了R-mini-CHOP在更大的隊列患者中的有效性[52]。美國正在進行的組間随機Ⅱ期S1918研究正在探索R-mini-CHOP方案聯合或不聯合阿紮胞苷治療≥75歲的新診斷DLBCL患者的療效,研究結果值得期待。

中樞神經系統的預防在DLBCL中仍然是一個有争議且研究不足的問題[53-55]。南韓一項Ⅲ期随機對照初步結果表明[56]:鞘内注射與靜脈注射甲氨蝶呤對預防高危DLBCL的中樞神經系統(central nervous system,CNS)複發無顯著差異,從随機分組到CNS複發的中位時間在鞘内注射組(ITMTX組)為4.4個月(1.0~11.9個月),在靜脈注射組(IVMTX)為12.0個月(8.5~18.9個月);ITMTX組和IVMTX組2年PFS率也相似(70.4%∶66.4%,P=0.571)。

CAR-T在高危B細胞淋巴瘤患者的一線治療中顯示出希望。在Ⅱ期ZUMA-12研究中[48],40例中期PET/CT Deauville評分4~5分、雙打擊LBCL/三打擊淋巴瘤或淋巴瘤國際預後指數(international prognostic score,IPI)評分≥3分的患者接受了CD19 CAR-T治療,ORR和CR分别為89%和78%,1年PFS率和OS率分别為74.6%和90.6%,中位OS時間為24.5個月,且安全性可控,無5級不良反應發生。

目前,CAR-T療法作為R/R DLBCL的二線治療受到了廣泛的關注。ZUMA-7、TRANSFORM和BELINDA研究納入了在一線免疫治療後12個月内R/R DLBCL患者,3項研究均探索了CD19 CAR-T療法能否作為适合接受ASCT患者的首選二線治療方案,其中ZUMA-7、TRANSFORM研究均達到了主要研究終點。在ZUMA-7研究中,359例患者随機配置設定至axicabtagene ciloleucel組(axi-cel組)或标準治療組(SOC組),中位随訪24.9個月時,與SOC組相比axi-cel組患者CR率(65%∶32%)和2年EFS率(41%∶16%)均顯著改善[57]。在TRANSFORM研究中,184例患者被随機配置設定lisocabagene maraleucel組(LISO-CEL組)或SOC組,中位随訪期6.2個月,與SOC組相比LICO-CEL組EFS明顯改善(10.1個月∶2.3個月)[58]。多項研究結果表明不适合接受ASCT的R/R DLBCL患者,可以考慮使用CAR-T療法[59-60]。

近年來,國内外準許了多款R/R DLBCL新療法,這些新療法涉及ADC、CAR-T療法、雙抗、單抗免疫療法和化療,作用靶點包括CD19、CD79b、CD20、CD3和XPO1,為CAR-T療法不可行或不成功時提供了選擇。一項Ⅱ期臨床研究探索了tafasitamab聯合來那度胺在既往接受過1~3線治療且不适合接受ASCT的R/R DLBCL中的療效,其中40%的患者獲得CR,中位有效時間、中位PFS時間和中位OS時間分别為44、12和34個月[61]。Pola(1.8 mg/kg D1)聯合BR(苯達莫司汀90 mg/m2 D1-2+利妥昔單抗375 mg/m2 D1,每3周一次,共6次)方案是不适合移植R/R DLBCL的一種選擇,與單獨使用BR相比,Pola+BR顯著改善CR、PFS和OS[62]。loncastuximab tesirine(Lonca)是一種靶向CD19的細胞毒性藥物,已獲批單藥用于治療已接受≥2種系統療法的R/RLBCL成人患者。近期,研究者公布了Ⅱ期LOTIS-2研究的最新資料,145例患者ORR為48.3%,CR率為24.8%。在CR患者(n=36)中,≥1年和≥2年PFS率分别為44%(16/36)和31%(11/36)。值得注意的是,11例CR患者保持EFS≥2年,中位無治療持續時間為27.7個月[63]。LOTIS-5研究(NCT04384484)旨在比較Lonca-R(Lonca 0.15 mg/kg+利妥昔單抗375 mg/m2,每3周1次,共2次,随後Lonca 0.075 mg/kg+利妥昔單抗375 mg/m2,每3周給藥1次,最多6次)與R-GemOx(利妥昔單抗375 mg/m2+吉西他濱1000 mg/m2+奧沙利鉑100 mg/m2,每兩周給藥1次,共8次)方案在R/R DLBCL的療效與安全性,但目前尚在招募患者的階段[64]。

2.2 慢性淋巴細胞白血病(chronic lymphocytic leukemia,CLL)/小淋巴細胞淋巴瘤(small lymphocytic lymphoma,SLL)

SEQUOIA研究旨在通過生物标志物亞組分析評估傳統BR方案和澤布替尼治療無del(17p)(第17号染色體長臂上的惡性良性腫瘤抑制基因p53缺失)初治CLL/SLL患者的PFS差異,479例患者随機配置設定至兩組,兩組患者分布特征相似;結果發現存在Trisomy-12、del(11q)、del(13q)或複雜核型等遺傳學異常的患者中,澤布替尼明顯優于BR的中位PFS。此外,伴BRAF等不良預後基因突變的患者在接受澤布替尼治療後的PFS獲益更大[65]。該研究也成為澤布替尼在CLL/SLL一線應用的強有力證據。一項針對R/R CLL/SLL患者進行的多國随機Ⅲ期研究将澤布替尼和伊布替尼進行“頭對頭”(以臨床上已使用的治療藥物或治療方法為對照開展臨床試驗)比較,結果表明澤布替尼具有更優的PFS和ORR[66]。美國一項真實世界研究發現,澤布替尼較伊布替尼和阿可替尼具有更高的安全性,心血管不良事件發生率明顯較低,在接受治療的前6個月内,伊布替尼、阿可替尼和澤布替尼的心血管不良事件發生率分别為13.4%、9.8%、7.5%,中位至下次治療的間隔時間也更長[67]。共價BTK抑制劑雖然是CLL/SLL一線治療方案(并非治愈性藥物),具有共同耐藥機制,一旦耐藥患者後線治療方案有限,是以非共價BTK抑制劑應運而生。BRUIN研究評估了pirtobrutinib在既往接受BTK抑制劑治療的CLL/SLL患者中的安全性,其中ORR為73.3%,中位PFS時間為19.6個月,最常見不良事件為感染和出血,7例(7/317)患者因治療相關不良反應中止治療[68]。這為共價BTK抑制劑耐藥患者提供了新的選擇。

2.3 套細胞淋巴瘤(mantle cell lymphoma,MCL)

MCL兼具惰性淋巴瘤難以治愈和侵襲性淋巴瘤進展迅速的特點,惰性MCL以觀察為主,但BTK抑制劑時代早期治療也可獲益[69]。侵襲性MCL則以治療為主。以大劑量阿糖胞苷為基礎的免疫治療方案序貫ASCT以及R維持治療仍是年輕非惰性MCL的标準治療方案[70-71],但TRIANGLE研究可能會對這個治療模式發起挑戰。TRIANGLE研究初步結果表明:标準治療組和不進行ASCT的伊布替尼組療效相當,伊布替尼用于誘導和維持治療時可能不需要ASCT,其最終結果可能會減少HSCT在一線MCL中的使用。有研究顯示誘導階段采用伊布替尼或澤布替尼聯合R方案可以減少化療次數并減少不良事件的發生,部分TP53突變的套細胞淋巴瘤即使經過強化誘導和異基因SCT,預後仍不樂觀,是以推薦參加臨床研究[72-73]。此外,有研究發現MYC蛋白的高表達可能也是MCL的潛在高危因素,未來應正常評估MYC蛋白的表達以指導治療[74]。

低強度免疫治療後R維持是目前無法耐受強化免疫治療的老年患者常用方案。有研究表明伊布替尼聯合BR較BR顯著延長>65歲MCL患者的PFS,但兩組患者OS相似[75]。這提示低強度免疫治療聯合靶向藥物有望進一步提高老年患者生存情況。

R/R MCL患者目前無統一治療推薦。随着對套細胞淋巴瘤生物學驅動機制的不斷深入了解,針對R/R MCL的靶向治療也在不斷開發。BTK抑制劑被認為是目前最有效的靶向藥,常與其他藥物聯用于R/R套細胞淋巴瘤。硼替佐米[76]、mTOR抑制[77]、來那度胺[78]、CAR-T療法[79]的應用可能逐漸改善R/R MCL的預後。總體而言,MCL的治療已經取得了重要進展,許多靶向治療和免疫治療藥物在臨床上的應用愈加廣泛,但BTK抑制劑如何選擇也是研究者需要重點思考的問題。

2.4 濾泡淋巴瘤(follicular lymphoma,FL)

FL采用分層治療,早期(Ⅰ~Ⅱ期)FL患者采用免疫治療±放療,可得到長期疾病控制。晚期(Ⅲ~Ⅳ期)患者無治療指征可觀察,有指征可立即治療,優先推薦CD20單抗+化療[80],CD20單抗維持可顯著改善生存情況[81]。最新研究發現皮下注射R較靜脈注射顯著改善了患者的PFS,可用于誘導後短期維持治療,這種新的給藥方式也将改善患者的就醫體驗[82]。老年無法耐受化療的患者也可選擇R單藥或聯合來那度胺治療[83]。

FL首次複發時的治療對預後至關重要,首次複發一般采用與一線治療方案非交叉耐藥的藥物。多次複發患者推薦參加臨床研究。最近一項Ⅱ期随機對照研究旨在評估奧妥珠單抗聯合澤布替尼(聯合治療組)對比奧妥珠單抗(單藥組)在R/R FL中的活性和安全性,主要研究終點是ORR;中位随訪時間為20.2個月,聯合治療組和單藥組ORR分别為69%、46%,其中CR分别為39%、19%,即聯合治療是R/R FL的潛在有效方案[84]。此外,PI3K抑制劑[85]、EZH2抑制劑[86]、CAR-T療法[87]、雙特異性抗體[88]均展示出良好的療效和安全性,也是R/R FL潛在可選擇方案。

2.5 T細胞淋巴瘤

一項真實世界研究探讨了西達本在初治T細胞淋巴瘤患者的療效和安全性[89]。該研究共納入48例T細胞淋巴瘤患者,其中33例患者達OR,21例患者達CR,2年PFS、OS率分别為51.5%、68.5%。在新診斷的T細胞淋巴瘤中,西達本胺與阿紮胞苷聯合CHOP方案治療緩解後采用ASCT及西達本胺維持治療,結果也展示出較高的ORR[90]。值得注意的是,該方案在T細胞淋巴瘤亞型的誘導治療階段取得了較高的CR率。

ECHELON-2研究奠定了BV在CD30陽性T細胞淋巴瘤一線治療的基礎,與CHOP方案相比,維布妥昔單抗聯合CHP(環磷酰胺、多柔比星、潑尼松)治療CD30+T細胞淋巴瘤可改善PFS和OS[91]。該研究還前瞻性收集PET 4(PET/CT檢查為4分)免疫組織化學結果,探究其中期預測治療反應和長期結局的潛力,Deauville(用于評估淋巴瘤預後和療效的方法)評估4療程後PET/CT陰性與A+CHP、CHOP治療CD30+T細胞淋巴瘤的PFS和OS改善相關。但該研究70%患者為間變性大細胞淋巴瘤、BV在CD30+T細胞淋巴瘤患者中的緩解情況未知。是以,有研究者探究T細胞淋巴瘤患者中CD30的表達及其BV緩解的預後意義[92]。該研究結果顯示接受和未接受BV一線治療的CD30+患者的中位OS時間相似(20個月∶19個月,P>0.05),接受ASCT(CD30+的24.5個月,CD30陰性的32.5個月)和未接受ASCT患者的OS也相近。

目前,大多數ICIs治療T細胞淋巴瘤處于小樣本、單藥、單臂研究的嘗試階段,部分研究因為毒性、患者療效不佳或超進展而被終止,ICIs在T細胞淋巴瘤的臨床應用還有很長的路要走。但是已有多項小樣本單臂研究證明ICIs在自然殺傷細胞淋巴瘤、T細胞淋巴瘤的有效性和安全性,但尚缺乏Ⅲ期臨床試驗資料[93-95]。

BV單藥在R/R T細胞淋巴瘤中也有顯著療效。Tournilhac等[96]報道了一項BV聯合吉西他濱治療R/R T細胞淋巴瘤的Ⅱ期研究。與單藥吉西他濱相比,聯合BV後ORR進一步提高(35.0%∶46.5%),且19.7%的患者達到CR;中位随訪26.5個月,中位PFS、OS時間分别為4.5、12.9個月,聯合治療耐受性尚可。盡管T細胞淋巴瘤患者的結局更優,但在非T細胞淋巴瘤患者尤其是濾泡輔助T細胞淋巴瘤中同樣有效。

T細胞淋巴瘤患者年齡較大,多見表觀遺傳調控異常,是以研究者嘗試将表觀遺傳類藥物聯合化療用于R/R T細胞淋巴瘤的治療。Liang等[97]報道了一項CPCT(西達苯胺聯合潑尼松、環磷酰胺、沙利度胺)方案治療無法耐受标準化療的R/R T細胞淋巴瘤的Ⅱ期研究,45例患者的結果顯示:最佳ORR和CR或未确定CR分别為71.1%和28.9%,中位随訪時間為56個月,緩解持續時間、中位PFS、OS時間分别為8.5、8.5、17.2個月;1年PFS率和1年OS率分别為42.2%和57.8%;5年PFS率和5年OS率分别為21.2%和43.8%。Kalac等[98]報道了一項羅米地辛聯合皮下注射阿紮胞苷治療R/R T細胞淋巴瘤的真實世界研究結果,26例患者主要為T細胞淋巴瘤和濾泡輔助T細胞淋巴瘤;ORR和CRR分别為73%和53%,中位OS時間未達到,中位PFS時間為13.3個月。總的來說,R/R T細胞淋巴瘤患者預後不佳,方案有限,生物标志物驅動治療政策為熱門探索方向,PI3K抑制劑、JAK1抑制劑都有望改善患者預後[99-100]。

3、總結

随着靶向藥物、單克隆抗體、雙特異性抗體、ADC藥物以及CAR-T療法的不斷湧現,淋巴瘤的治療格局正在改變,新藥的問世豐富了淋巴瘤患者臨床治療的選擇,也為R/R淋巴瘤患者帶來新的希望。但是無論治療格局如何改變,仍應在現有的基礎上進一步探索治療的新模式,開展新藥臨床試驗的同時關注患者的生活品質和獲益風險比。

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