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盘点2023 | 李志铭教授:2023年度淋巴瘤诊断和治疗进展

作者:肿瘤界2022
盘点2023 | 李志铭教授:2023年度淋巴瘤诊断和治疗进展

陈婷婷,李志铭(中山大学肿瘤防治中心 内科,广州 510060)

通信作者:李志铭

E-mail:[email protected]

盘点2023 | 李志铭教授:2023年度淋巴瘤诊断和治疗进展

李志铭 教授

中山大学肿瘤防治中心内科

教授 主任医师 博士生导师

中国老年保健协会肿瘤免疫治疗专业委员会 主任委员

中国老年保健协会淋巴瘤专业委员会 秘书长

中国抗癌协会青年理事会 常务理事

中国临床肿瘤学会抗淋巴瘤联盟 副秘书长、常委

中国抗癌协会淋巴瘤专业委员会 常委

中国抗癌协会淋巴瘤专业委员会青年委员会 副主任委员

中国医师协会肿瘤医师分会青年委员会 副主任委员

中国临床肿瘤学会头颈肿瘤专家委员会 常委

中国医药教育协会淋巴瘤分会 常委

中国抗癌协会神经肿瘤专业委员会中枢神经系统淋巴瘤学组 副组长

广东省抗癌协会淋巴瘤专业委员会 主任委员

广东省临床医学学会头颈肿瘤综合治疗专业委员会 主任委员

广东省抗癌协会靶向与个体化治疗专业委员会 副主任委员

广东省中西医结合学会肿瘤免疫专业委员会 副主任委员

广东省健康管理学会生育力保护专业委员会 副主任委员

广东省抗癌协会化疗专业委员会 常委

广东省临床医学学会咽喉肿瘤专业委员会 常委

【摘要】淋巴瘤是一组起源于淋巴细胞的恶性肿瘤,有90多个亚型。传统上分为非霍奇金淋巴瘤和霍奇金淋巴瘤。近年来的研究改变了淋巴瘤现有的治疗格局,不同亚型淋巴瘤的治疗方案有所不同。本文旨在综述2023年度淋巴瘤诊断和治疗进展。

【关键词】非霍奇金淋巴瘤;霍奇金淋巴瘤;淋巴细胞;治疗进展

淋巴瘤是起源于淋巴造血系统的恶性肿瘤,有90多个亚型。根据肿瘤细胞形态传统上分为非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,NHL)和霍奇金淋巴瘤(Hodgkin's lymphoma,HL)[1]。据统计,全球HL新发病例和死亡病例中,中国分别占10.8%和9.8%,NHL分别占20.1%和17.4%[2]。淋巴瘤主要表现为无痛性淋巴结肿大,肝脾肿大,全身各组织器官均可受累,伴发热、盗汗、不明原因的体重减轻等症状。诊断时首选淋巴结切除活检。Lugano分类系统(用于NHL和HL分期分级的一种国际通用标准)结合正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描(positron emission computed tomography/computed tomography,PET/CT)显示淋巴瘤分期的症状和疾病程度,然后依据其结果用于确定治疗方案。治疗方案在不同亚型淋巴之间有所不同,近年来,新药层出不穷,为淋巴瘤患者带来新的希望。本文旨在总结2023年度恶性淋巴瘤新的、可用的诊疗方法的研究进展。

1、HL

早期预后良好的HL患者经过2~4周期ABVD(多柔比星、博来霉素、长春新碱和达卡巴嗪)方案化疗+放射治疗(简称放疗)是目前的标准治疗[3];有预后不良风险因素早期患者,一般采用放化疗,但是化疗周期数、化疗方案、放疗剂量仍存在争议[4-6]。而随着维布妥昔单抗(brentuximab vedotin,BV)和程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)抑制剂的问世,早期HL的治疗格局也发生了改变。BREACH研究评估了BV联合AVD(多柔比星、长春新碱和达卡巴嗪)方案在早期预后不良患者中的有效性和安全性,结果发现BV可改善2个疗程后PET/CT诊断的阴性率[7]。NIVAHL试验的最新随访结果显示:纳武利尤(nivolumab,Nivo)单抗联合或序贯AVD治疗组的3年总生存(overall survival,OS)率均为100%,联合治疗组及序贯治疗组的3年无进展生存(progression-free survival,PFS)率分别为100%、98%[8]。BV和Nivo联合多柔比星和达卡巴嗪(AN+AD)在早期非肿块型经典型HL(classical Hodgkin's lymphoma,cHL)中具有良好的疗效和可控的安全性,且毒性可能低于含长春花碱的治疗方案。

对于晚期(ⅡB~Ⅳ期)患者,提高持久缓解率,同时降低长期毒性是一大挑战。ECHELON-1研究奠定了BV-AVD方案在晚期HL的一线地位[9]。PD-1抑制剂联合BV或化疗也是目前尝试的方向。CheckMate 205试验队列D的结果显示Nivo单药治疗后再使用N-AVD是一种安全且有效的晚期cHL的方案[10]。另一方面,研究发现N-AVD在晚期HL中比BV-AVD有更优的PFS,但由于随访时间较短,还未观察到OS上的获益[11]。此外,帕博利珠单抗也在cHL的一线应用具有较大潜力[12]。老年HL患者目前尚无标准治疗,减毒的同时保证疗效是目前的首要目标。SGN35-015研究最近报道了BV-DTIC(每3周给药1次,共16次)及BV-Nivo(每3周给药1次,共16次)在不适合化疗的老年HL一线应用数据,BV-DTIC组和BV-Nivo组分别有45%、76%的患者发生≥3级治疗相关不良事件,两组均取得较好的客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR),这表明BV-DTIC和BV+Nivo或可成为老年HL无法耐受化疗的一线方案[13]。

据统计,20%~30%的HL患者一线治疗后会复发,挽救性化疗序贯自体造血干细胞移植(autologous stem cell transplantation,ASCT)是标准治疗方案,治愈率约为50%[14-16]。近年来,BV在复发/难治性(recurrent/refractory,R/R)cHL领域不断取得新的进展。多项研究报道R/R HL患者ASCT前后使用BV可以改善治愈率[17-18]。Nivo是第1个获批用于R/R cHL的PD-1抑制剂。最近,一项多中心Ⅱ期临床研究报道了BV+Nivo作为高危cHL患者HSCT后的巩固治疗的数据,18个月PFS率为94%[19],疗效优于包括AETHERA[17]在内的其他研究结果。BV联合免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)的减毒方案有望进一步改善患者预后。Checkmate205试验结果表明,无论是否有BV治疗史,Nivo都有着高效且长久的反应[20]。最近一项研究中,研究人员将BV和Nivo单抗联合应用于无法耐受其他治疗或复发的患者,患者在治疗期间达到的ORR为85%,完全缓解(complete response,CR)率为67%[21]。CheckMate 744研究结果表明:5~30岁低危R/R HL的儿童、青少年和年轻患者可以通过BV-Nivo挽救,从而省略高剂量化疗(high-dose chemotherapy,HDCT)/自体干细胞移植(auto-hematopoietic cell transplantation,HCT,auto-HCT)[22]。另一项Ⅰ、Ⅱ期多中心研究则对BV联合免疫单药或免疫双药治疗R/R cHL的可行性进行了探索,结果显示:在61例可评估疗效R/R cHL患者中,BV+伊匹木单抗方案、BV+Nivo方案和BV+伊匹木单抗+Nivo方案的ORR分别为76%、89%和82%,CR率分别为57%、61%和73%,1年PFS率分别为61%、70%和80%[23]。此外,其他ICIs联合BV也在R/R HL中展示出良好的安全性和有效性[24]。

而既往接受过ICIs和BV失败的R/R HL人群也可选择其他靶向治疗,例如:来那度胺[25]、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)抑制剂/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)抑制剂[26]、组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HDAC)抑制剂[27]、Janus激酶(Janus-activated kinase,JAK)抑制剂[28]、CD25抗体-药物偶联物[29]或抗CD30嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法(chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy,CAR-T)治疗[30]。值得注意的是,CD30 CAR-T疗法在R/R HL中表现出强大的临床活性,并且具有良好的耐受性和可控的毒性[31-35]。但需要进一步的研究来制订适合每例患者的个体化治疗方案,以便更容易地选择最佳的治疗时机,并将长期毒性降到最低。

2、NHL

2.1 B细胞淋巴瘤

弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)是一组在形态学、遗传学和临床表现等方面具有异质性的疾病。约1/3的局限期患者接受以利妥昔(rituximab,R)单抗为基础的免疫治疗预后良好[36],5年PFS率可高达80%~90%[37]。虽然2/3患者经过R-CHOP(环磷酰胺+多柔比星+长春新碱+泼尼松)方案治疗可获得较好的疗效,但仍有较多患者的预后较差。强化化疗是研究者们首先考虑进行的探索,但诸多研究中仅R-ACVBP(多柔比星,环磷酰胺,长春地辛,博来霉素和泼尼松,诱导期R-ACVBP每2周给药1次,共4次;巩固期先行2个疗程甲氨蝶呤及亚叶酸钙解救,随后行4个疗程利妥昔单抗+依托泊苷+异环磷酰胺化疗,最后进行2个周期阿糖胞苷治疗,每次巩固疗效间隔2周给药1次)方案明显改善了年轻晚期患者的PFS和OS,但毒性较R-CHOP明显增加[33],R-DA-EPOCH(依托泊苷,泼尼松,长春新碱,环磷酰胺和多柔比星)剂量调正方案和HDCT联合ASCT的巩固治疗同样以失败告终[34-35]。由此可见,强化化疗并不是增强疗效的有效手段。

为提高DLBCL的治愈率,临床尝试在R-CHOP标准方案上加入新靶向药X(新靶向药的代号)。non-GCB亚型(非生发中心来源的DLBCL)对激活的B细胞核因子κ-轻链增强子(nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells,NF-κB)信号通路的依赖性较强,但是硼替佐米-R-CHOP方案并未改善患者的生存结局[36-37]。一项Ⅱ期临床研究发现,来那度胺在活化B细胞样(activated B cell-like,ABC)亚型中表现出较强的活性,但在一项更大规模的随机Ⅲ期研究中,结果却为阴性[38-39]。PHOENIX研究公布了伊布替尼+R-CHOP方案在non-GCB亚型中的疗效,结果发现伊布替尼并未改善整体人群的生存结局,但在年轻(年龄<60岁)患者中无事件生存(event free survival,EFS)、PFS和OS均有所改善[40]。新一代布鲁顿氏酪氨酸激酶(Bruton tyrosine kinase,BTK)抑制剂阿可替尼为基础的联合治疗方案治疗DLBCL患者的初步探索也取得了良好的疗效和安全性[41]。但目前尚无临床试验成功改变R-CHOP标准方案。DLBCL的生物学异质性特征可能导致了患者对R-CHOP-X方案应答的多样化[42]。维泊妥珠(polatuzumab,Pola)单抗是靶向CD79b的抗体偶联药物(antibody drug conjugate,ADC),基于POLARIX研究的结果已获批用于DLBCL的一线治疗,其结果显示Pola显著提升了2年PFS率和2年EFS率,促使患者获得更为持久的缓解[43]。

回顾性研究表明:伴有MYC和BCL-2和/或BCL-6基因重排(双打击/三打击淋巴瘤)的高级别B细胞淋巴瘤与R-CHOP方案治疗后的不良预后相关[44-45]。一项DA-EPOCH-R方案治疗MYC重排DLBCL的小型多中心Ⅱ期研究显示患者的4年EFS率为71%,DA-EPOCH-R方案已成为双打击/三打击淋巴瘤的标准治疗方案[46]。目前,BCL-2抑制剂维奈克拉和CAR-T疗法也是正在探索的治疗方法[47-48]。

一项单臂Ⅱ期研究表明,在80~95岁患者中,降低剂量的R-CHOP方案(R-mini-CHOP)的疗效与全剂量R-CHOP方案相当,并且安全性可控[49]。而对于不适合使用蒽环类药物的患者,可以考虑使用依托泊苷或吉西他滨替代多柔比星[50-51]。考虑到ABC亚型的发病率随年龄的增加而增加,一项开放随机研究探索了在≥80岁患者的R-mini-CHOP中加入来那度胺与R-mini-CHOP的比较,虽然2年OS和PFS无明显差异,但这项研究进一步证实了R-mini-CHOP在更大的队列患者中的有效性[52]。美国正在进行的组间随机Ⅱ期S1918研究正在探索R-mini-CHOP方案联合或不联合阿扎胞苷治疗≥75岁的新诊断DLBCL患者的疗效,研究结果值得期待。

中枢神经系统的预防在DLBCL中仍然是一个有争议且研究不足的问题[53-55]。韩国一项Ⅲ期随机对照初步结果表明[56]:鞘内注射与静脉注射甲氨蝶呤对预防高危DLBCL的中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)复发无显著差异,从随机分组到CNS复发的中位时间在鞘内注射组(ITMTX组)为4.4个月(1.0~11.9个月),在静脉注射组(IVMTX)为12.0个月(8.5~18.9个月);ITMTX组和IVMTX组2年PFS率也相似(70.4%∶66.4%,P=0.571)。

CAR-T在高危B细胞淋巴瘤患者的一线治疗中显示出希望。在Ⅱ期ZUMA-12研究中[48],40例中期PET/CT Deauville评分4~5分、双打击LBCL/三打击淋巴瘤或淋巴瘤国际预后指数(international prognostic score,IPI)评分≥3分的患者接受了CD19 CAR-T治疗,ORR和CR分别为89%和78%,1年PFS率和OS率分别为74.6%和90.6%,中位OS时间为24.5个月,且安全性可控,无5级不良反应发生。

目前,CAR-T疗法作为R/R DLBCL的二线治疗受到了广泛的关注。ZUMA-7、TRANSFORM和BELINDA研究纳入了在一线免疫治疗后12个月内R/R DLBCL患者,3项研究均探索了CD19 CAR-T疗法能否作为适合接受ASCT患者的首选二线治疗方案,其中ZUMA-7、TRANSFORM研究均达到了主要研究终点。在ZUMA-7研究中,359例患者随机分配至axicabtagene ciloleucel组(axi-cel组)或标准治疗组(SOC组),中位随访24.9个月时,与SOC组相比axi-cel组患者CR率(65%∶32%)和2年EFS率(41%∶16%)均显著改善[57]。在TRANSFORM研究中,184例患者被随机分配lisocabagene maraleucel组(LISO-CEL组)或SOC组,中位随访期6.2个月,与SOC组相比LICO-CEL组EFS明显改善(10.1个月∶2.3个月)[58]。多项研究结果表明不适合接受ASCT的R/R DLBCL患者,可以考虑使用CAR-T疗法[59-60]。

近年来,国内外批准了多款R/R DLBCL新疗法,这些新疗法涉及ADC、CAR-T疗法、双抗、单抗免疫疗法和化疗,作用靶点包括CD19、CD79b、CD20、CD3和XPO1,为CAR-T疗法不可行或不成功时提供了选择。一项Ⅱ期临床研究探索了tafasitamab联合来那度胺在既往接受过1~3线治疗且不适合接受ASCT的R/R DLBCL中的疗效,其中40%的患者获得CR,中位有效时间、中位PFS时间和中位OS时间分别为44、12和34个月[61]。Pola(1.8 mg/kg D1)联合BR(苯达莫司汀90 mg/m2 D1-2+利妥昔单抗375 mg/m2 D1,每3周一次,共6次)方案是不适合移植R/R DLBCL的一种选择,与单独使用BR相比,Pola+BR显著改善CR、PFS和OS[62]。loncastuximab tesirine(Lonca)是一种靶向CD19的细胞毒性药物,已获批单药用于治疗已接受≥2种系统疗法的R/RLBCL成人患者。近期,研究者公布了Ⅱ期LOTIS-2研究的最新数据,145例患者ORR为48.3%,CR率为24.8%。在CR患者(n=36)中,≥1年和≥2年PFS率分别为44%(16/36)和31%(11/36)。值得注意的是,11例CR患者保持EFS≥2年,中位无治疗持续时间为27.7个月[63]。LOTIS-5研究(NCT04384484)旨在比较Lonca-R(Lonca 0.15 mg/kg+利妥昔单抗375 mg/m2,每3周1次,共2次,随后Lonca 0.075 mg/kg+利妥昔单抗375 mg/m2,每3周给药1次,最多6次)与R-GemOx(利妥昔单抗375 mg/m2+吉西他滨1000 mg/m2+奥沙利铂100 mg/m2,每两周给药1次,共8次)方案在R/R DLBCL的疗效与安全性,但目前尚在招募患者的阶段[64]。

2.2 慢性淋巴细胞白血病(chronic lymphocytic leukemia,CLL)/小淋巴细胞淋巴瘤(small lymphocytic lymphoma,SLL)

SEQUOIA研究旨在通过生物标志物亚组分析评估传统BR方案和泽布替尼治疗无del(17p)(第17号染色体长臂上的肿瘤抑制基因p53缺失)初治CLL/SLL患者的PFS差异,479例患者随机分配至两组,两组患者分布特征相似;结果发现存在Trisomy-12、del(11q)、del(13q)或复杂核型等遗传学异常的患者中,泽布替尼明显优于BR的中位PFS。此外,伴BRAF等不良预后基因突变的患者在接受泽布替尼治疗后的PFS获益更大[65]。该研究也成为泽布替尼在CLL/SLL一线应用的强有力证据。一项针对R/R CLL/SLL患者进行的多国随机Ⅲ期研究将泽布替尼和伊布替尼进行“头对头”(以临床上已使用的治疗药物或治疗方法为对照开展临床试验)比较,结果表明泽布替尼具有更优的PFS和ORR[66]。美国一项真实世界研究发现,泽布替尼较伊布替尼和阿可替尼具有更高的安全性,心血管不良事件发生率明显较低,在接受治疗的前6个月内,伊布替尼、阿可替尼和泽布替尼的心血管不良事件发生率分别为13.4%、9.8%、7.5%,中位至下次治疗的间隔时间也更长[67]。共价BTK抑制剂虽然是CLL/SLL一线治疗方案(并非治愈性药物),具有共同耐药机制,一旦耐药患者后线治疗方案有限,因此非共价BTK抑制剂应运而生。BRUIN研究评估了pirtobrutinib在既往接受BTK抑制剂治疗的CLL/SLL患者中的安全性,其中ORR为73.3%,中位PFS时间为19.6个月,最常见不良事件为感染和出血,7例(7/317)患者因治疗相关不良反应中止治疗[68]。这为共价BTK抑制剂耐药患者提供了新的选择。

2.3 套细胞淋巴瘤(mantle cell lymphoma,MCL)

MCL兼具惰性淋巴瘤难以治愈和侵袭性淋巴瘤进展迅速的特点,惰性MCL以观察为主,但BTK抑制剂时代早期治疗也可获益[69]。侵袭性MCL则以治疗为主。以大剂量阿糖胞苷为基础的免疫治疗方案序贯ASCT以及R维持治疗仍是年轻非惰性MCL的标准治疗方案[70-71],但TRIANGLE研究可能会对这个治疗模式发起挑战。TRIANGLE研究初步结果表明:标准治疗组和不进行ASCT的伊布替尼组疗效相当,伊布替尼用于诱导和维持治疗时可能不需要ASCT,其最终结果可能会减少HSCT在一线MCL中的使用。有研究显示诱导阶段采用伊布替尼或泽布替尼联合R方案可以减少化疗次数并减少不良事件的发生,部分TP53突变的套细胞淋巴瘤即使经过强化诱导和异基因SCT,预后仍不乐观,因此推荐参加临床研究[72-73]。此外,有研究发现MYC蛋白的高表达可能也是MCL的潜在高危因素,未来应常规评估MYC蛋白的表达以指导治疗[74]。

低强度免疫治疗后R维持是目前无法耐受强化免疫治疗的老年患者常用方案。有研究表明伊布替尼联合BR较BR显著延长>65岁MCL患者的PFS,但两组患者OS相似[75]。这提示低强度免疫治疗联合靶向药物有望进一步提高老年患者生存情况。

R/R MCL患者目前无统一治疗推荐。随着对套细胞淋巴瘤生物学驱动机制的不断深入了解,针对R/R MCL的靶向治疗也在不断开发。BTK抑制剂被认为是目前最有效的靶向药,常与其他药物联用于R/R套细胞淋巴瘤。硼替佐米[76]、mTOR抑制[77]、来那度胺[78]、CAR-T疗法[79]的应用可能逐渐改善R/R MCL的预后。总体而言,MCL的治疗已经取得了重要进展,许多靶向治疗和免疫治疗药物在临床上的应用愈加广泛,但BTK抑制剂如何选择也是研究者需要重点思考的问题。

2.4 滤泡淋巴瘤(follicular lymphoma,FL)

FL采用分层治疗,早期(Ⅰ~Ⅱ期)FL患者采用免疫治疗±放疗,可得到长期疾病控制。晚期(Ⅲ~Ⅳ期)患者无治疗指征可观察,有指征可立即治疗,优先推荐CD20单抗+化疗[80],CD20单抗维持可显著改善生存情况[81]。最新研究发现皮下注射R较静脉注射显著改善了患者的PFS,可用于诱导后短期维持治疗,这种新的给药方式也将改善患者的就医体验[82]。老年无法耐受化疗的患者也可选择R单药或联合来那度胺治疗[83]。

FL首次复发时的治疗对预后至关重要,首次复发一般采用与一线治疗方案非交叉耐药的药物。多次复发患者推荐参加临床研究。最近一项Ⅱ期随机对照研究旨在评估奥妥珠单抗联合泽布替尼(联合治疗组)对比奥妥珠单抗(单药组)在R/R FL中的活性和安全性,主要研究终点是ORR;中位随访时间为20.2个月,联合治疗组和单药组ORR分别为69%、46%,其中CR分别为39%、19%,即联合治疗是R/R FL的潜在有效方案[84]。此外,PI3K抑制剂[85]、EZH2抑制剂[86]、CAR-T疗法[87]、双特异性抗体[88]均展示出良好的疗效和安全性,也是R/R FL潜在可选择方案。

2.5 T细胞淋巴瘤

一项真实世界研究探讨了西达本在初治T细胞淋巴瘤患者的疗效和安全性[89]。该研究共纳入48例T细胞淋巴瘤患者,其中33例患者达OR,21例患者达CR,2年PFS、OS率分别为51.5%、68.5%。在新诊断的T细胞淋巴瘤中,西达本胺与阿扎胞苷联合CHOP方案治疗缓解后采用ASCT及西达本胺维持治疗,结果也展示出较高的ORR[90]。值得注意的是,该方案在T细胞淋巴瘤亚型的诱导治疗阶段取得了较高的CR率。

ECHELON-2研究奠定了BV在CD30阳性T细胞淋巴瘤一线治疗的基础,与CHOP方案相比,维布妥昔单抗联合CHP(环磷酰胺、多柔比星、泼尼松)治疗CD30+T细胞淋巴瘤可改善PFS和OS[91]。该研究还前瞻性收集PET 4(PET/CT检查为4分)免疫组织化学结果,探究其中期预测治疗反应和长期结局的潜力,Deauville(用于评估淋巴瘤预后和疗效的方法)评估4疗程后PET/CT阴性与A+CHP、CHOP治疗CD30+T细胞淋巴瘤的PFS和OS改善相关。但该研究70%患者为间变性大细胞淋巴瘤、BV在CD30+T细胞淋巴瘤患者中的缓解情况未知。因此,有研究者探究T细胞淋巴瘤患者中CD30的表达及其BV缓解的预后意义[92]。该研究结果显示接受和未接受BV一线治疗的CD30+患者的中位OS时间相似(20个月∶19个月,P>0.05),接受ASCT(CD30+的24.5个月,CD30阴性的32.5个月)和未接受ASCT患者的OS也相近。

目前,大多数ICIs治疗T细胞淋巴瘤处于小样本、单药、单臂研究的尝试阶段,部分研究因为毒性、患者疗效不佳或超进展而被终止,ICIs在T细胞淋巴瘤的临床应用还有很长的路要走。但是已有多项小样本单臂研究证实ICIs在自然杀伤细胞淋巴瘤、T细胞淋巴瘤的有效性和安全性,但尚缺乏Ⅲ期临床试验数据[93-95]。

BV单药在R/R T细胞淋巴瘤中也有显著疗效。Tournilhac等[96]报道了一项BV联合吉西他滨治疗R/R T细胞淋巴瘤的Ⅱ期研究。与单药吉西他滨相比,联合BV后ORR进一步提高(35.0%∶46.5%),且19.7%的患者达到CR;中位随访26.5个月,中位PFS、OS时间分别为4.5、12.9个月,联合治疗耐受性尚可。尽管T细胞淋巴瘤患者的结局更优,但在非T细胞淋巴瘤患者尤其是滤泡辅助T细胞淋巴瘤中同样有效。

T细胞淋巴瘤患者年龄较大,多见表观遗传调控异常,因此研究者尝试将表观遗传类药物联合化疗用于R/R T细胞淋巴瘤的治疗。Liang等[97]报道了一项CPCT(西达苯胺联合泼尼松、环磷酰胺、沙利度胺)方案治疗无法耐受标准化疗的R/R T细胞淋巴瘤的Ⅱ期研究,45例患者的结果显示:最佳ORR和CR或未确定CR分别为71.1%和28.9%,中位随访时间为56个月,缓解持续时间、中位PFS、OS时间分别为8.5、8.5、17.2个月;1年PFS率和1年OS率分别为42.2%和57.8%;5年PFS率和5年OS率分别为21.2%和43.8%。Kalac等[98]报道了一项罗米地辛联合皮下注射阿扎胞苷治疗R/R T细胞淋巴瘤的真实世界研究结果,26例患者主要为T细胞淋巴瘤和滤泡辅助T细胞淋巴瘤;ORR和CRR分别为73%和53%,中位OS时间未达到,中位PFS时间为13.3个月。总的来说,R/R T细胞淋巴瘤患者预后不佳,方案有限,生物标志物驱动治疗策略为热门探索方向,PI3K抑制剂、JAK1抑制剂都有望改善患者预后[99-100]。

3、总结

随着靶向药物、单克隆抗体、双特异性抗体、ADC药物以及CAR-T疗法的不断涌现,淋巴瘤的治疗格局正在改变,新药的问世丰富了淋巴瘤患者临床治疗的选择,也为R/R淋巴瘤患者带来新的希望。但是无论治疗格局如何改变,仍应在现有的基础上进一步探索治疗的新模式,开展新药临床试验的同时关注患者的生活质量和获益风险比。

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