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英语语法-语法树概述

语法树概述

10个词性充当9个成份组成8种句型;

英文里最核心的是“谓语”,作谓语的只能是动词或动词短语;

谓语前是主语,后是宾语;

若充当谓语的是“系动词(be|感官)”,系动词前是主语,后是表语;

定语和状语区分,有没有被修饰的对象,有是定(翻译为“...的”),没有是状;

一个动作之后有2个东西,可能是“双宾”或“宾语+宾补”,区分:如果当能把这个句子改为2个被动句时,是双宾,I give you an apple.;如果只能改为一个被动句时,是宾补,I paint the house white;

一、10种词性

1、noun名词,表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称;

boy|morning|bag|ball|class|orange等;

2、pronoun,用来代替名词;

who|she|you|it等;

3、adjective形容词,表人或事物的性质或特征;

good|right|white|orange等;

4、numeral数词,表数目或顺序;

one|two|three|first|second|third|fourth等;

5、verb动词,表动作或状态;

am|is|are|have|see等;

6、adverbial副词,修饰verb|adjective,说明时间、地点、程度等;

now|very|here|often|quietly|slowly等;

7、article冠词,用在名词前,帮助说明名词;

a|an|the;

8、preposition介词,表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系;

in|on|from|above|behind;

9、conjunction连词,用来连接短语或句子;

and|but|before等;

10、interjection感叹词,表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情;

oh|well|hi|hello等;

二、9种句子成分

1、subject主语,是句子叙述的主体;

noun|pronoun|numeral|名词性短语|非谓语动词|主语从句充当;

2、predicate谓语,说明主语发出的动作或具有的特征和状态;

由verb|动词短语充当;

3、predicative表语,用来说明主语的性质、身份、特征和状态,放在系动词(be动词和感官动词)之后;

由noun|adjective|非谓语动词|从句充当;

4、object宾语,是动作的承受者,由noun或起名词作用的成分担任;

由noun|adjective|非谓语动词|从句充当;

5、double objects双宾,直接宾语(表示动作的承受者,一般是物),间接宾语(表示动作是对谁或为谁做的,一般是人);

He worte me a letter.

He wortea lettertome.

6、attribute定语,用于描述名词、代词、短语或从句的性质,分为前置定语和后置定语;

由noun|adjective|非谓语动词|从句|介词短语;

Shanghai is a bigcity.

7、adverbial状语,说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等;

由adverbial|形容词短语|介词短语|非谓语动词|从句充当;

He works hard.

8、object complement宾补,补语是起补充说明作用的成份;

由noun|adjective|adverbial|非谓语动词充当;

Tehy usually keep their classroomclean.

9、appositive同位语,在名词或代词后对其进行解释说明;

由noun|短语|从句充当;

Where is your classmateTom?

9种句子成分顺口溜:

主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位语、双宾、表语;

1、主谓宾,定状补,主干枝叶分清楚;

2、基本成分主谓宾,连带成分定状补;

3、什么和谁称为主,做是怎样称之谓;

4、翻译为“的”就是定,含义很多它叫状;

5、双宾被动有2个;宾补成分是补充;

6、同位语功能很明确;名词之后表解释;

三、8种句型(5+3)

一、5种简单句

1、简单句

1)陈述句:

主 + 谓

主 + 谓 + 宾

主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补

主 + 谓 + 双宾

主 + 系 + 表

2)疑问句:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句;

3)感叹句:what句型、how句型、语气词或感叹号;

what + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语!

what + 形容词 + 不可数名词/复数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!

What a marvelous sight!

how + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语!

How clever the girl is!

How intelligent you are!

Oh, I am depressed!

I cannot survive without you!

4)祈使句:命令、请求、祝愿;

Please sit down.  # 表命令

Leave this place at once.

Have a safe trip!  # 表请示或祝愿

Let's go for a walk.

一般疑问句:

可用yes|no回答;

Were you coming with us? - Yes.

Have you found a new job yet? - Yes, I have/No, I haven't.

Can you solve this problem? - Yes I can/No, I can't.

特殊疑问句:

特殊疑问词(疑问代词)开头;对句中某一成份提问;不能用Yes/no进行回答;

Who were you on the phone with? - Jim

Whom is he dating? - He is dating Anna.

选择疑问句:

用or连接;提出2个或2个以上的句式供选择;不能用yes/no回答;

Do you like chocolate or vanilla better?

Are you going to drive or do you want me to?

反义疑问句:

总原则:前肯后否(陈述句部分是肯定句,疑问句部分用否定句);前否后肯(陈述句部分是否定句,反义疑问句用肯定句);

He is your teacher, isn't he?

He isn't your teacher, is he?

You found the key in the bedroom, didn't you?

You didn't find the key in the bedroom, did you?

The boy has to clean his room, doesn't he?

The boy doesn't have to clean his room, does he?

- 感叹句的反义疑问句:

一律用否定式提问;

What a clever boy, isn't he?

What a lovely day, isn't it?

- 祈使句的反义疑问句:

用will you;Let's开始,用shall we;

- 含must的反义疑问句:

表“必须”,反义疑问句为mustn't...?/needn't..?;

He must study hard at English, mustn't he?/needn't he?

表推测“一定,肯定”,反义疑问句与must后面的动词呼应;

You must be joking, aren't you?

- 含否定词的反义疑问句:

常见否定词:hardly|never|seldom|little|few|nowhere|nothing等;反义疑问句用肯定提问;

Frank hardly goes to parties, does he?

He has few friends, has he?

- 复合句的反义疑问句:

都对主句提问;

He was punished (because he violated the regulation), wasn't he?

You never told me (that you had been ill), did you?

- 宾语从句的反义疑问句:

I don't think/suppose/believe/imagine引导的宾语从句,反义疑问句应与从句的主谓一致,用肯定式的提问;

I don't suppose anyone will volunteer, will they?

I don't believe she has done it, has she?

2、3种复合句

定语:形容词、V-ing、V-ed、to do、介词短语、从句;有被修饰的对象;

状语:副词、V-ing、V-ed、to do、介词短语、状语从句;没有被修饰的对象;

注:V-ing(主动)|V-ed(被动)|to do是非谓语动词;

1)名词性从句

2)定语从句

Evidence from scientific researchshows that he left half of human brain controls language.介词短语

The manstanding by the window, smoking pip is his uncle.非谓语动词

The letterwrittenby my classmate is very interesting.非谓语动词

Without mothering, children's capacity to surviveis seriously affected.非谓语动词

The illness fromwhichMary is suffering has now been diagnosed as hepatitis.从句

3)状语从句

In the meeting, we discussed two economic issues.介词短语(表地点)

I went up to him,telling himto keep silence.非谓语动词(表目的)

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