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英語文法-文法樹概述

文法樹概述

10個詞性充當9個成份組成8種句型;

英文裡最核心的是“謂語”,作謂語的隻能是動詞或動詞短語;

謂語前是主語,後是賓語;

若充當謂語的是“系動詞(be|感官)”,系動詞前是主語,後是表語;

定語和狀語區分,有沒有被修飾的對象,有是定(翻譯為“...的”),沒有是狀;

一個動作之後有2個東西,可能是“雙賓”或“賓語+賓補”,區分:如果當能把這個句子改為2個被動句時,是雙賓,I give you an apple.;如果隻能改為一個被動句時,是賓補,I paint the house white;

一、10種詞性

1、noun名詞,表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱;

boy|morning|bag|ball|class|orange等;

2、pronoun,用來代替名詞;

who|she|you|it等;

3、adjective形容詞,表人或事物的性質或特征;

good|right|white|orange等;

4、numeral數詞,表數目或順序;

one|two|three|first|second|third|fourth等;

5、verb動詞,表動作或狀态;

am|is|are|have|see等;

6、adverbial副詞,修飾verb|adjective,說明時間、地點、程度等;

now|very|here|often|quietly|slowly等;

7、article冠詞,用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞;

a|an|the;

8、preposition介詞,表示它後面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關系;

in|on|from|above|behind;

9、conjunction連詞,用來連接配接短語或句子;

and|but|before等;

10、interjection感歎詞,表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情;

oh|well|hi|hello等;

二、9種句子成分

1、subject主語,是句子叙述的主體;

noun|pronoun|numeral|名詞性短語|非謂語動詞|主語從句充當;

2、predicate謂語,說明主語發出的動作或具有的特征和狀态;

由verb|動詞短語充當;

3、predicative表語,用來說明主語的性質、身份、特征和狀态,放在系動詞(be動詞和感官動詞)之後;

由noun|adjective|非謂語動詞|從句充當;

4、object賓語,是動作的承受者,由noun或起名詞作用的成分擔任;

由noun|adjective|非謂語動詞|從句充當;

5、double objects雙賓,直接賓語(表示動作的承受者,一般是物),間接賓語(表示動作是對誰或為誰做的,一般是人);

He worte me a letter.

He wortea lettertome.

6、attribute定語,用于描述名詞、代詞、短語或從句的性質,分為前置定語和後置定語;

由noun|adjective|非謂語動詞|從句|介詞短語;

Shanghai is a bigcity.

7、adverbial狀語,說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結果、條件、讓步、方向、程度、方式和伴随狀況等;

由adverbial|形容詞短語|介詞短語|非謂語動詞|從句充當;

He works hard.

8、object complement賓補,補語是起補充說明作用的成份;

由noun|adjective|adverbial|非謂語動詞充當;

Tehy usually keep their classroomclean.

9、appositive同位語,在名詞或代詞後對其進行解釋說明;

由noun|短語|從句充當;

Where is your classmateTom?

9種句子成分順口溜:

主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、補語、同位語、雙賓、表語;

1、主謂賓,定狀補,主幹枝葉厘清楚;

2、基本成分主謂賓,連帶成分定狀補;

3、什麼和誰稱為主,做是怎樣稱之謂;

4、翻譯為“的”就是定,含義很多它叫狀;

5、雙賓被動有2個;賓補成分是補充;

6、同位語功能很明确;名詞之後表解釋;

三、8種句型(5+3)

一、5種簡單句

1、簡單句

1)陳述句:

主 + 謂

主 + 謂 + 賓

主 + 謂 + 賓 + 賓補

主 + 謂 + 雙賓

主 + 系 + 表

2)疑問句:一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反義疑問句;

3)感歎句:what句型、how句型、語氣詞或感歎号;

what + a/an + 形容詞 + 可數名詞單數 + 主語 + 謂語!

what + 形容詞 + 不可數名詞/複數名詞 + 主語 + 謂語!

What a marvelous sight!

how + 形容詞/副詞 + 主語 + 謂語!

How clever the girl is!

How intelligent you are!

Oh, I am depressed!

I cannot survive without you!

4)祈使句:指令、請求、祝願;

Please sit down.  # 表指令

Leave this place at once.

Have a safe trip!  # 表請示或祝願

Let's go for a walk.

一般疑問句:

可用yes|no回答;

Were you coming with us? - Yes.

Have you found a new job yet? - Yes, I have/No, I haven't.

Can you solve this problem? - Yes I can/No, I can't.

特殊疑問句:

特殊疑問詞(疑問代詞)開頭;對句中某一成份提問;不能用Yes/no進行回答;

Who were you on the phone with? - Jim

Whom is he dating? - He is dating Anna.

選擇疑問句:

用or連接配接;提出2個或2個以上的句式供選擇;不能用yes/no回答;

Do you like chocolate or vanilla better?

Are you going to drive or do you want me to?

反義疑問句:

總原則:前肯後否(陳述句部分是肯定句,疑問句部分用否定句);前否後肯(陳述句部分是否定句,反義疑問句用肯定句);

He is your teacher, isn't he?

He isn't your teacher, is he?

You found the key in the bedroom, didn't you?

You didn't find the key in the bedroom, did you?

The boy has to clean his room, doesn't he?

The boy doesn't have to clean his room, does he?

- 感歎句的反義疑問句:

一律用否定式提問;

What a clever boy, isn't he?

What a lovely day, isn't it?

- 祈使句的反義疑問句:

用will you;Let's開始,用shall we;

- 含must的反義疑問句:

表“必須”,反義疑問句為mustn't...?/needn't..?;

He must study hard at English, mustn't he?/needn't he?

表推測“一定,肯定”,反義疑問句與must後面的動詞呼應;

You must be joking, aren't you?

- 含否定詞的反義疑問句:

常見否定詞:hardly|never|seldom|little|few|nowhere|nothing等;反義疑問句用肯定提問;

Frank hardly goes to parties, does he?

He has few friends, has he?

- 複合句的反義疑問句:

都對主句提問;

He was punished (because he violated the regulation), wasn't he?

You never told me (that you had been ill), did you?

- 賓語從句的反義疑問句:

I don't think/suppose/believe/imagine引導的賓語從句,反義疑問句應與從句的主謂一緻,用肯定式的提問;

I don't suppose anyone will volunteer, will they?

I don't believe she has done it, has she?

2、3種複合句

定語:形容詞、V-ing、V-ed、to do、介詞短語、從句;有被修飾的對象;

狀語:副詞、V-ing、V-ed、to do、介詞短語、狀語從句;沒有被修飾的對象;

注:V-ing(主動)|V-ed(被動)|to do是非謂語動詞;

1)名詞性從句

2)定語從句

Evidence from scientific researchshows that he left half of human brain controls language.介詞短語

The manstanding by the window, smoking pip is his uncle.非謂語動詞

The letterwrittenby my classmate is very interesting.非謂語動詞

Without mothering, children's capacity to surviveis seriously affected.非謂語動詞

The illness fromwhichMary is suffering has now been diagnosed as hepatitis.從句

3)狀語從句

In the meeting, we discussed two economic issues.介詞短語(表地點)

I went up to him,telling himto keep silence.非謂語動詞(表目的)

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