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为什么“妈妈”这个词在全世界的发音上有着惊人的相似呢?原因是……

有没有发现过这样一个奇怪的现象:全世界有几千种语言,读音拼写各不相同,但只有“妈妈”这个词在发音上有着惊人的相似。

In a lot of languages, the word for “mother” seems often either to be mama or have a nasal sound similar to m, like nana.

1

为什么多国妈妈发音很相似?

全世界使用人数超5000万的语言就有73种。但有一个词,却使得几乎全人类的语言产生了奇妙的重合,那就是“ma”—— 我们用来呼唤这个世界上与我们天然最亲密的人的方式。

如中文里的“妈”就是字正腔圆的鼻辅音m加上一个元音a。

英语的“mom/mum”就已经跟中文足够相似了。更相似的是意大利语——mamma(挪威人也这么叫),几乎一模一样。

人类语言呼唤母亲的声音大体一致。许多同学好奇:难道在人生来就会发这个音?即便真的如此,那为何又不约而同的把这个发音用作对妈妈的称呼?

为了解释这种相似性,有人拿出了语系和语族的概念。

可以观察到,语言近亲间“妈妈”的发音相似是好理解的,比如说英语、法语、意大利语、挪威语。

如果说的是与英语密切相关的欧洲语言时,比如罗曼语族的语言或者日耳曼语族的语言,它们内部的相似性并不奇怪。

When it comes to European languages closely related to English, like the Romance and Germanic ones, the similarity isn’t so surprising.

毕竟,这些语言是同一种语言的后代,语言学家称之为原始印欧语。所以,如果法国人说maman,意大利人说mamma,挪威人也说mamma,一家人说一家话不奇怪。

After all, these languages are children of what was once one language, which linguists call Proto-Indo-European. So if French has maman, and Italian has mamma, and Norwegian has mamma, then maybe that’s just a family matter.

那不同语系间的相似性怎么解释呢?

上到高加索山,下到非洲,或者深入内陆,亦或是远到太平洋岛国,各地语言里的“妈妈”相似得可怕——很明显超出了单个语系的范围。

非洲的斯瓦希里语说mama。菲律宾的塔加洛语说nanay。斐济语说nana。对学习者来说,汉语普通话与英语有着惊人的不同,但别怕,至少“mama”这个词是相同的。

In Africa, Swahili has mama. In the Philippines, Tagalog has nanay. Fijian has nana. Mandarin, so intimidatingly different from English to the learner, soothes unexpectedly in offering up mama.

高加索车臣地区说Naana。美洲土著语言呢?爱斯基摩语说anana;在路易斯安那州和得克萨斯州使用的Koasati语也说mamma。

Chechen in the Caucasus? Naana. Native American languages? Eskimo has anana; Koasati, spoken in Louisiana and Texas, turns out to have mamma.

著名语言学家Roman Jakobson的观点会让人觉得——啊,原因这么简单。

语言学家罗曼·雅各布森在其开创性的论文《为什么是’Mama’和’Papa’?》中指出,婴儿能发的第一个音节是“啊”或“mah”。

In his groundbreaking paper “Why ‘Mama’ and ‘Papa’?,” linguist Roman Jakobson pointed to the first syllable babies are usually capable of making: “ah,” or “mah.”

婴儿最先能发出这俩音节是因为这两个音节不需要很复杂的口腔位置(使用到舌头或者牙齿)。此外,“mah”还与婴儿吃奶时发出的嘟哝声有关。

These are usually the first sounds babies reach for because they don’t require complex mouth positions (or the use of tongue or teeth). Moreover, “mah” is associated with the murmuring sound a baby makes when it’s breastfeeding.

使用不同语言的人们不单单是用类似的发音来叫妈妈,他们赋予母亲的词汇也大多类似 —— They are strength, wisdom, and love, etc. 力量、智慧、爱……

2

母亲节的来源

在美国,人们在五月的第二个星期天庆祝母亲节。在这一天,孩子们把卡片,礼物和鲜花献给他们的母亲。第一次庆祝母亲节是发生在1907 年的费城,是由朱莉娅·瓦德·豪和安妮塔·贾威斯分别在 1872 年和 1907 年提议设立的。

In the U.S. Mothers' Day is a holiday celebrated on second Sunday in May. It is a day when children honor their mothers with cards, gifts, and flowers. First observance in Philadelphia, Pa. in 1907, it is based on suggestions by Julia Ward Howe in 1872 and by Anna Jarvis in 1907.

虽然美国直到 1907 年才庆祝母亲节,但是尊敬母亲的节日甚至可以追溯到古希腊。尽管那时人们是庆祝上帝的母亲罗伊的。

Although it wasn't celebrated in the U.S. until 1907, there were days honoring mothers even in the days of ancient Greece. In those days, however, it was Rhea, the Mother of the gods that was given honor.

后来, 在17世纪初的英格兰,人们有一个惯例,就是在每年六月的第四个星期天庆祝“省亲节”。在省亲节那一天, 通常与雇主住在一起的仆人了, 被劝说回家和他们的母亲团聚。按照惯例,他们要带一块特殊的蛋糕回家庆祝。

Later, in the 1600's, in England there was an annual observance called "Mothering Sunday." It was celebrated during June, on the fourth Sunday. On Mothering Sunday, the servants, who generally lived with their employers, were encouraged to return home and honor their mothers. It was traditional for them to bring a special cake along to celebrate the occasion.

在美国, 1907年有一个来自费城的叫阿纳·贾维斯的人,发起了一场建立全国的母亲节的运动。在西弗吉尼亚的格拉夫顿,贾维斯说服了她母亲的教堂,在她母亲去世2 周年的纪念日那一天庆祝母亲节,即五月的第二个星期天。下一年费城也庆祝了母亲节。

In the U.S., in 1907 Ana Jarvis, from Philadelphia, began a campaign to establish a national Mother's Day. Jarvis persuaded her mother's church in Grafton, West Virginia to celebrate Mother's Day on the second anniversary of her mother's death, the 2nd Sunday of May. The next year Mother's Day was also celebrated in Philadelphia.

贾维斯和其它人开始给部长,商人,以及政治家们写信,要求建立全国性的母亲节。他们取得了成功。1914年在任的伍德罗·威尔森总统,向全国发布官方通告,宣布在每年五月的第二个星期天庆祝母亲节,并使之成为一种传统。

Jarvis and others began a letter-writing campaign to ministers, businessmen, and politicians in their quest to establish a national Mother's Day. They were successful. President Woodrow Wilson, in 1914, made the official announcement proclaiming Mother's Day a national observance that was to be held each year on the 2nd Sunday of May.

世界上许多其它国家在全年的不同时间庆祝他们自己的母亲节。丹麦,芬兰,意大利,土耳其,澳大利亚,以及比利时同美国一样,在五月的第二个星期天庆祝母亲节。

Many other countries of the world celebrate their own Mother's Day at different times throughout the year. Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia, and Belgium celebrate Mother's Day on the second Sunday in May, as in the U.S.

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"mother"和"mom"

今天是母亲节,就来重点讲讲:“mother”和“mom”是一回事吗?

1. mother / m (r)/

“mother”一般翻译为“母亲”,正如中文里“母亲”是书面语,“妈妈”是口头语一样,“mother”也是书面语,多用于演讲、作文中。

“mother”更多指的是把孩子生下来的母亲。即“生物学上的母亲”(biological mother),只是陈述事实,不带有感情色彩,强调血缘关系。

这样来说,就不难理解“代孕妈妈”的英文是:surrogate mother了。

例:

The singer's youngest son was born to a surrogate mother.

这位歌手的小儿子是一个代孕妈妈所生。

补充几个关于“mother”的词

stepmother 继母

这里的前缀“step-”表示因第二次婚姻而形成的家庭关系。

Mother’s Day 母亲节

因为“mother”是比较正式的说法,所以“母亲节”也翻译为“Mother’s Day”。

mother-in-law 婆婆,岳母

表示妻子或丈夫的母亲。

2. mom /m m/

相比于正式的“mother”,“mom”就非常口语化了,且更加亲密,英式英语中习惯写成“mum”。

“mom”更加侧重于强调陪伴、照顾孩子成长的妈妈,与血缘无关。

例:

I’m her mother, not her mom.

我虽然生了她,却没有养育她。

A mother's arms are made of tenderness and children sleep soundly in them.

母亲的双臂是温柔的,孩子们在其中酣睡。

—— Victor Hugo 维克多·雨果 (法国文学家)

今天你想对妈妈说什么呢?在下方留言吧。

祝妈妈们节日快乐!

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