After Shunzhi's death, Aobai became an auxiliary chancellor. Seeing the development of John Tang more and more believers, the number of believers in various places increased to 100,000 for a while, which finally caused conflict. The assistant minister Ao Bai decided to kill John Tang and sentenced Tang And others to be beheaded on several charges. However, John Tang was not killed.
At this time, Kangxi was young and had not yet pro-government, Ao Bai could be said to be a one-handed cover, why did he want to kill Tang John, but did not kill it?
John Tang
John Tang crossed the ocean to China
John Tang was born in Cologne, Germany, in 1592 and attended the prestigious Three Crowns High School founded by the Jesuit Society. This school attaches great importance to the quality education of students, and regards the cultivation of students' sincere and kind life ethics as its main goal. John Tang, who is smart and studious, has excellent academic performance. In 1607, a plague spread in Cologne, and the Three Kings Middle School was forced to close. John Thomas, 16, was recommended by the local Jesuit parish to study at the Deutsches College in Rome.
In 1610 he completed all courses in philosophy, classical literature, mathematical astronomy, etc., especially in mathematics and astronomy, showing his great potential and talent. It was here that he first came into contact with Galileo's telescope and became interested in it.
In October 1611, John Joined the Society of Jesus, swearing a lifelong pledge of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Subsequently, he moved to the Monastery of San Andreo in Rome as a trainee friar, undergoing rigorous monastic training. He joined the Institute of Spiritual Studies, exploring new and evolving sciences, especially astronomy and mathematics.
In October 1613 he entered the Roman Academy and began a four-year study of theology and mathematics. The Roman Academy was founded by Loyola in 1551, although it is a "seminary of the Christian spirit", and its curriculum is not only religious, but also mathematics, astronomy, geography, mechanical mechanics, chemistry and other subjects.
In 1617 he completed his studies at the Roman Academy with the finest grades and was promoted to priesthood. On April 16, 1618, under the leadership of Kinnige, 22 missionaries, including John Tang, Deng Yuhan, and Luo Yagu, were dispatched in the name of the Portuguese government to sail east from Lisbon.
On July 15, 1619, John Tong and his parishioners arrived in Macau and were placed in the Academy of St. Paul. As soon as the missionaries set foot on Chinese soil, they began to carefully study the Chinese Chinese culture, even with the goal of mastering the Beijing dialect.
Why does Shunzhi admire John Tang?
In 1644 (the first year of the Shunzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty), the Qing army entered Beijing and the Ming Dynasty died. John Tang, with his knowledge and skills in astronomical calendars, was protected by the Qing court and was ordered to continue to revise the calendar.
John Tang repeatedly forced the new ruler to chen the length of the new calendar, and at the right time presented the newly made map of the public opinion and the armillary celestial instrument, the horizon dial, the telescope and other instruments, and used the new Western method to accurately predict the time of the solar eclipse on the first day of the eighth month of the eighth lunar calendar in 1644 (the first year of the Shunzhi dynasty of the Qing Dynasty), the moment of the first loss, eclipse, and recovery, and finally persuaded the then regent Dolgun to decide to promulgate the new calendar that he participated in compiling from the second year of Shunzhi to the world. His revised almanac (that is, an abridged version of the Chongzhen Almanac) was named the Shixian Calendar by the Qing court and promulgated to the world.
In November of the first year of Shunzhi, he was appointed as the supervisor of Qintian. The following year, he condensed the Chongzhen Almanac into one hundred and three volumes of the Western New Law Almanac, which was presented to the regent Dolgun and the Shaoqing of Taichang Temple.
In the seventh year of Shunzhi, the Qing government gave land to rebuild the church on the side of the original Catholic Church inside Xuanwu Gate. John Tang enlarged a prayer hall built by Ricci to build the first cathedral (South Hall) in Beijing, which became the living place of John Tang and other priests. John Tang works at the Ancient Observatory near The Jianguomen Gate in Beijing. There were more than 50 missionaries working at the Ancient Observatory, and John Tang was the most important missionary among them, and also served as the director of the station, that is, the Qin Tianjian Supervisor.
After the Shunzhi Emperor took the throne in the eighth year of Shunzhi, John Tang often went in and out of the court, making many suggestions on the gains and losses of the government, and successively played more than 300 chapters. On his deathbed, the Shunzhi Emperor consulted Tang Ruowang for advice. At that time, the Shunzhi Emperor had smallpox, and at that time, only Tang Ruowang in the imperial court knew what kind of consequences would be caused by smallpox if it was popular, so he said that he must find a prince who had smallpox to succeed to the throne, so there was the later Kangxi Emperor.
Why did Ao Bai kill John Tang?
The dispute between the Chinese and Western calendars has a long history, and Wu Mingxuan reported Tang Ruowang's calculation error as early as the sixteenth year of Shunzhi, and as a result, he was accused of "cheating and not being truthful" and was almost sentenced to death. In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi (1658), John Tang was canonized by a pint, and the influence of Jesuit missionaries expanded, and for a time the number of believers in various places increased to 100,000, which finally caused conflict.
In the third year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1664), Yang Guangxian replied to the "Petition for The Curse of the Cult", and after the Council of The Council of Kings, the following year sentenced Tang Ruowang and others to Ling Chi for several crimes. Yang Guangxian said that Tang Ruowang and other missionaries were guilty of three points: conspiracy to rebel; heresy to confuse the public; and the absurdity of the calendar.
On September 26 of the third year of the Kangxi Dynasty, the Qing court "tried Tang Ruowang and the Officials of the Qin Heavenly Supervision, and on March 16 of the following year, the Court Council put the Qin Heavenly Supervisor Zheng Tang Ruowang, the Engraved Leak Keru Pre, the Five Senses Offigure Hu Zheng Yang Hongliang, the Li Zubai of the Li Kebai, the Chunguan Zheng Song Kecheng, the Qiu Guan Zheng Song Fa, the Winter Official Zheng Zhu Guangxian, and the Zhongguan Zheng Liu Youtai all lingchi to death. The late Liu Youqing's son Liu Biyuan, Jia Liangqi's son Jia Wenyu, Song Kecheng's son Song Zhe, Li Zubai's son Li Shi, and Tang Ruowang's righteous son Pan Duxiao all made a decision. ”
At this time, it was Ao bai who was in power of the Qing court. Ao Bai was determined to kill John Tang, but why didn't he? It turned out that when Tang Ruowang was about to be killed, a sudden earthquake occurred in Beijing, and "the empress dowager (Queen Shunzhi's mother) vigorously advocated the exoneration, and John Tang was spared death."
Tang Ruowang was pardoned, and only li Zubai and other 5 Qin Tianjian officials were killed, and the "Shi Xian Calendar" was also abolished. Yang Guangxian was appointed as the Qin Tianjian , and Wu Mingxuan ( Ming Xuan ' younger brother ) was made the deputy supervisor , "reusing the old art of the Great Unification". After several years, the error is getting bigger and bigger. The Belgian missionary Nan Huairen and others who held the new law were in a conflict with Yang Guangxian, who held the old law, and in November of the seventh year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1668), the commissioner inspected the actual observations of the two laws and proved that the new law was superior to the old law. Yang Guangxian was dismissed from his post and appointed Nan Huairen as the deputy of Qin Tianjian, and resumed the constitutional calendar in the ninth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1670). After this struggle, the new law finally defeated the old law.
On August 15, 1666 (July 15, 1666), John Tang fell ill and died in his apartment.
On November 16, 1669 (the eighth year of Kangxi), Kangxi issued a tribute to John Tang: "The Emperor's Edict was originally appointed as the envoy of the General Administration, and the second rank was added to the first level, and the Qin Heavenly Supervisor was in charge of the printing affairs, so the spirit of Tang John wang: bow down to the end, and the traces of the courtiers." Death and duty, the grand ceremony of the country. Ertang John, from the Western Regions, Xiao Xi Astronomy, The Division of the Special Elephant Calendar, and the Number of the Teacher of Xi Tongwei. He died a long time ago, and he mourned. Tega was sent to offer sacrifices. Whoops, the glory of immortality, the reward of banditry. Er knows, Shank enjoys. ”
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