From the first year of Ying Ren (1467) to the ninth year of civilization (1477), the famous "Ying Ren Rebellion" broke out in Japan, and Japanese history entered the Warring States Period. In the whole process of the "Onin Rebellion", the "three pipes and four duties" of the Muromachi shogunate played a very important role, and it can be said that the "Onin Rebellion" was triggered by the "three pipes and four duties". So what exactly is this "three pipes and four positions"?
In 1338, ashikaga became a shogun of the Seiyi shogunate and established the Muromachi shogunate in Kyoto. Compared with the previous Kamakura shogunate and the later Edo shogunate, the rule of the Muromachi shogunate was the most loose and turbulent. From the central to the local level, the institutional design of the Muromachi shogunate was flawed, and the "three management and four duties" and the "Ying Ren Rebellion" were the products of the defects in the Muromachi shogunate system.
According to the system design, the supreme ruler of the Muromachi shogunate was the Shogun Shōgun Shōgun, and under the Shōgun Shōgun shōgun was a steward (the number was one), who assisted the Shōi Shogun to rule the shogunate, similar to the Chinese prime minister. There are institutions under the jurisdiction of the government, such as the office of the servants, the office of the government, the evaluation of the public, and the introduction of the public, of which the samurai who command the whole country and the attendant who is responsible for criminal adjudication are the most important.
The central system of the Muromachi shogunate was superficially fine, but the biggest flaw was that the most powerful rulers and shoguns were all hereditary monopolies of the extended family. The management collar is hereditary by the three families of Sibo, Hosokawa, and Hatoyama, and the chief of the shogunate is hereditary by the four families of Yamana, Ichinose, Kyogoku, and Akamatsu, and the other families are completely unable to touch the pipe collar and the shogun.
Therefore, at that time, the three families of Shobo, Hosokawa, and Hatoyama, who took turns to be hereditary leaders, and the four families of Yamana, Ichinose, Kyogoku, and Akamatsu, who took turns to be hereditary attendants, were collectively called "three pipes and four positions". What's more, the seven families of the "three pipes and four positions" not only monopolized the two most powerful positions in the central government of the Muromachi shogunate, but also hereditary control of nearly half of the guardian positions in the local area.
Because of this, the Muromachi shogunate has been a loose daimyo consortium since the day it was established, and even ashikaga Yoshimitsu, the three most accomplished and capable shoguns of the Muromachi shogunate, could not really solve the problem of "three management and four positions". As the shogun's control became weaker and weaker, the contradiction between the "three pipes and four positions" also intensified, eventually triggering the "Ying Ren Rebellion".