The general trend of the world will be united for a long time, and it will be divided for a long time, and often the chaotic world can produce the most heroes. For example, the Three Kingdoms period of China and the Warring States period of Japan have become synonymous with shining stars because of their special era background, and Japan's Warring States era has "swept" the world with the spread of games and anime
Japanese Sengoku
The story about japan's Sengoku period is very clear compared to many ACG enthusiasts who don't need me to say, what Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, many lovers of this history are like a few family treasures
Therefore, in this issue, we will not talk about Japan's Sengoku period, but focus on how the Japanese Sengoku period came about, that is, the vast history of Japanese history from the unification of the north and the south to the division of the masses, and see how the Muromachi shogunate transitioned step by step to the Sengoku period
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="6" > the unification of the north and the south</h1>
In the last issue, we mentioned that in 1392 AD, the Northern Dynasty of Japan's Southern and Northern Dynasties surrounded the Southern Dynasty in Nara, and the Southern Dynasty's Emperor Go-Kameyama had no choice but to hand over the three artifacts symbolizing power to Emperor Go-Komatsu of the Northern Dynasty, marking the end of the 56-year-long period of Japan's Nanboku Dynasty.
Three artifacts
The unification of the Northern and Southern Dynasties took place during the reign of Ashikaga Yoshiman, the third shogun of the Muromachi shogunate in Japan, and his own life experience is even more remarkable (see previous issue).
After he unified all of Japan, his power reached an unprecedented height, and even once tried to usurp the throne, of course, the worship of the emperor accumulated by the Japanese for more than a hundred years was not so easily shaken, and in the end of political considerations, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu chose to be a ruler in a down-to-earth manner.
General Ashikaga Yoshimitsu in a break
The unification of The Northern and Southern Dynasties of Japan brought ashikaga Yoshimitsu great political capital, and of course, a crisis followed. As early as the previous campaign against the Southern Dynasty, the Ashikaga family had opened a shogunate in Kyoto and a public government in Kamakura, which led to the Great Rebellion in the Kanto Region.
The long-term turmoil did create a number of famous ministers and good generals, but more often it caused the vast number of lower-class peasants to suffer, so in fact, the peasant struggle in Japan in the Southern and Northern Dynasties was non-stop, which was called "Yiyi" at that time (equivalent to our ancient Chinese peasant uprising).
A pinch
The voices of these low-level social communities spoke of the divisions and crises of Japanese society at that time, and eventually paved the way for Japan's Sengoku period
Returning to the reunification of the North and the South, the unification of the North and The South marks that the internal friction at the official level of Japan is gone, and the social crisis has been temporarily alleviated
So, would the rulers of the Muromachi shogunate do this?
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="18" > Muromachi Shogunate</h1>
The name of the Muromachi shogunate is derived from the Ashikaga shogunate in Muromachi, Kyoto, so it is also called the Ashikaga shogunate. It began with the establishment of the shogunate by the Ashikaga clan in 1336, and ended with the abolition of the last shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki in 1573.
In 1392, the merger of the Southern and Northern Dynasties of Japan marked the unification of the Muromachi shogunate as the unified power that ruled the whole of Japan, and Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, who was then the shogun (the de facto ruler of the country), carried out a series of measures:
The Muromachi shogunate established its own institutions and ordinances to compete with the emperor's imperial court, and thus seized the right to maintain security, civil jurisdiction, and market taxation in Kyoto.
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
In 1394, Ashikaga Yoshiman was promoted to the position of minister of taizen and asked the ministers to perform imperial ceremonies on him (this was called usurpation in ancient China).
After the death of Emperor Komatsu's mother in 1406, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu made Emperor Go-Komatsu recognize his wife as a dry lady, and he himself naturally became the father of the emperor ([laughing and crying] Yoshiman was like a cross-talker).
In addition to targeting the Emperor, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu also carried out a series of policies in many other areas:
In 1378, he built the "Hanazei Pavilion"/"Hana no Gosho"/"Muromachi-den"; from 1385 to 1390, he toured the place extensively; and he himself was extremely luxurious in his later period, with many concubines and female officials, and raised more than a dozen boys (it is said that he had homosexual tendencies)
In addition, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu sent envoys to the Ming Dynasty several times from 1374 onwards to request trade exchanges. For example, in 1374 and 1380, Ashikaga Yoshiman paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty under the name of "Japanese Shogun Gen Yoshiman", but the hard-nosed Ming Dynasty refused (at that time, it was still the time of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang)
In 1401, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu sent an envoy to the Ming Dynasty under the name of "Nihon Kokushin Sangogen Daimon". At that time, emperor Zhu Yunjue named Yoshiman the "King of Japan" and demanded that Ashikaga Yoshiman ban the Wokou ([covering his face] Perhaps Emperor Jianwen did not know that the Wokou on the coast at that time were "outliers" outside of mainstream Japanese society, and the Japanese government could not do anything about them).
Route map between Japan and the Ming Dynasty
Just as the emissaries were returning to Japan, the Ming Dynasty underwent the famous Jing Dynasty. After Ming Chengzu Zhu Di seized the throne, he sent envoys to the four directions, on the one hand, to comfort the vassal states of the Ming Dynasty not to be afraid, and on the other hand, to let his "orthodoxy" be recognized
Therefore, in the first year of The Great Ming Dynasty (that is, in 1403), envoys from Ryukyu, Japan, and Siam gathered in the central tribute of the Ming Dynasty and established a relationship of clan and canonization with Daming.
The envoys of the Tribute Tonh
In 1404, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu sent envoys to Ming again, and at that time, there were many raids on the Daming coast, and Ming Chengzu ordered Ashikaga Yoshiman to arrest him. In the end, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu sent troops to annihilate the Wokou and presented 20 Uighur leaders to the Ming Dynasty.
All this shows that Japan's foreign policy during the Ashikaga Yoshiman period was still very open, so that diplomatic relations with the Ming Dynasty were formally established later. The Ming Dynasty also gave Ashikaga Yoshimitsu a golden seal of "King of Japan", and the Japanese side officially recognized itself as a vassal state of China
Ashikaga Yoshiman's various actions laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of the Muromachi shogunate, so throughout the Muromachi period in Japan, the Ashikaga Yoshimanate period was its most prosperous period
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="41" > Ashikaga Yoshizō</h1>
In 1394, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu gave way to the position of shogun to his eldest son Ashikaga Yoshinori, and he subsequently became a monk. However, in spite of Ashikaga Yoshiman's transfer to the position of Minister of Taisei, he still held real power, and Yoshinori did not even have the power to participate in government affairs.
Ashikaga Yoshinori
In the year that Ashikaga Yoshinori became a shogun, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu's second son Ashikaga Yoshihito was born. Ashikaga Yoshimitsu was very fond of Yoshihito, and he was less attentive and attentive to Ashikaga Yoshitsune
In fact, although this Ashikaga Yoshinori is said to be the eldest son of Yoshiman, he was neither born to his main chamber nor born to his successor, in other words, he is the product of Ashikaga Yoshiman who does not know where he came out of, so Ashikaga Yoshinori is only made an heir
As soon as Ashikaga Yoshihito, the more adorable and "orthodox" second son, was born, Yoshimitsu couldn't help but prefer children, which made Ashikaga Yoshinori and Ashikaga Yoshihito's brothers have a bad relationship
Before Ashikaga Yoshiman's death in 1412, ashikaga Yoshihito introduced Ashikaga to Emperor Go-Komatsu in order to gain the support of the emperor in order to gain power, and Ashikaga Yoshinori was expelled from the mansion by Yoshimitsu and sent to take charge of the security affairs of Kyoto.
Because the old father's bowl of water is uneven, it directly leads to the confrontation between the two brothers and even the enemy! Therefore, parents must have a bowl of water to level [cover your face] Your preference is actually the greatest harm to both parties
Therefore, as soon as Ashikaga Yoshimitsu died, Ashikaga Yoshinori quickly used various means to seize the real power of the state, followed by the misfortune of ashikaga Yoshihito and the liquidation of Ashikaga Yoshinori.
The confrontation between Ashikaga Yoshinori and Ashikaga Yoshiji made the conflict between the two sides only resolvable by sword, and later during the Uesugi Zenshu Rebellion, Ashikaga Yoshitsune responded to Uesugi Zenshu to fight against his brother Ashikaga Yoshinori.
As a result, he was found and fled to the Kaohsiung Mountain Shrine for monasticism, only to end up being imprisoned at the Shōkoku-ji Temple, where he was eventually killed by Yoshinori. ([Tear Rush] Here again advise all parents readers that they must have a bowl of water to deal with this relationship between their children, especially now that the three children [cover their faces] are slightly careless, this hatred and hatred is extremely deep and terrible)
Perhaps out of revenge for his father Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Ashikaga Yoshinori changed many of Ashikaga's policies after coming to power, almost as if in opposition to his father, and restored the previous open policy to the conservative tendencies of the "samurai regime"
All the buildings in Kitayama except the Kinkaku were demolished, and many of the buildings built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu during his lifetime were demolished. He also dismissed Emperor Komatsu from giving Ashikaga Yoshimitsu the title of "Emperor Taishang" and even stopped trading with the Ming Dynasty (which shows how serious the consequences of the parents' mishandling of this problem)
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="62" > decline</h1>
While Ashikaga Yoshiman was still alive, the decline of the Muromachi shogunate began to take shape: after 1410 AD, Emperor Kameyama went out of Ben Yoshino to protest that the shogunate and the imperial court had violated the rules of the Two Unifications in the Matilda Peace Treaty (that is, when the North and the South were unified, it was said that the Southern Dynasty and the Northern Dynasty would take turns to sit, and as a result, the Southern Dynasty would default as soon as the Northern Dynasty surrendered)
Emperor Go-Kameyama
The ascension to the throne in 1412 caused widespread discontent among the former Southern Dynasty, and in 1414 a rebellion was launched by a supporter of the Southern Dynasty, Hokuba Manya.
In the end, the rebellion was reconciled under the mediation of Prince Ueno, reaffirming the previous rule of the two reunifications.
In 1414, Ashikaga Yoshinori coerced Spoman to retire to Mount Koya, and the Spo clan lost power. In 1416, ashikaga Yoshihito was involved in the Uesugi Zenshu Rebellion in the Kanto region of Japan, and Ashikaga Yoshiharu discovered it and imprisoned his younger brother Ashikaga Yoshiji at Xiangkoku-ji Temple.
After the Uesugi Zenshu Rebellion was quelled, Tomiki Manari falsely claimed that the governor Hosokawa Manmoto and Yoshishige Shiro joined forces with many guardian daimyōs and koshin in an attempt to overthrow the Muromachi shogunate. Sure enough, Yoshinori ordered Fumimanari to kill Ashikaga Yoshihito and exiled many daimyōs and secretaries of state.
Soon Hosokawa Manmoto and others also called Fuki Mansei rebel, and Ashikaga Yoshinori killed Tomiyoshi Mansei (it all looks like Ashikaga Yoshinori's self-directed self-directed [cover his face]).
Finally, after experiencing this bad thing, Ashikaga Yoshinori abdicated in 1423 and was succeeded by his 16-year-old son Ashikaga Yoshinori. The following year Ashikaga Yoshinori was ordained in the Imperial Household, but the shogunate's real power was still in the hands of Yoshinori ([Laughing and Crying], he was worthy of the father and son of Ashikaga Yoshinori).
Ashikaga Yoshinori
In 1425, Ashikaga Yoshinori died of illness at the age of 18, and the blow of the white-haired man sending the black-haired man made Ashikaga Yoshinori feel sick. In 1428, Ashikaga Yoshinori became infected by scratching his ass in the bathroom, and died shortly after, at the age of 43 ([covering his face]).
Ashikaga Yoshinori had no heirs after his death, so the shogunate decided to have Yoshinori Kajii's younger brothers Kajii Yoshinori, Daikakuji Yoshiaki, Torayama Nagataka, and Yoshimoto draw lots to select the next shogun ([laugh and cry]). In the end, Yoshimoto was chosen, changed his name to Ashikaga Yoshinori, and became the new shogun of the shogunate.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="71" > Ashikaga teachings</h1>
Japan during the Ashikaga Yoshinori period had actually declined, and even the Muromachi shogunate had lost its authority, so Ashikaga Yoshinori, who was the new shogun, tried to restore the lost shogunate authority and the dictatorship of the shogun as soon as he came to power
Ashikaga Yoshinori
For example, he hired The Samho-in Manji as a political adviser; he limited the power of the consuls; he reorganized and reformed the shoguns' direct administration of the public; he limited the military power of the shogunate in the shogunate; and so on
Among them, he also resumed the survey and trade with the Ming Dynasty, firmly grasping the power of trade with the Ming Dynasty in the hands of the generals, and strengthening the power of the shogunate. But these efforts were ultimately beaten in the face by the harsh reality
After Ashikaga Yoshinori was proclaimed a shogun, the Ashikaga clan of kamakura was dissatisfied, and in 1438, the Ashikaga clan named his concubine Ashikaga Yoshihisa without authorization, and the Kanto governor Uesugi Kenshi discouraged it, but instead of listening, ashikaga Clan sent troops to attack Uesugi Kenshi.
Uesugi Kenshi
Uesugi Kenshi complained to the shogunate, who took the opportunity to send an army against the Ashikaga clan, who was arrested in defeat and later committed suicide. At the same time, the Kwantung public power was also greatly weakened. The history of the Ashikaga clan's rebellion against the Muromachi shogunate is called the "Eternal Rebellion"
Enjoy the chaos forever
In the first year of The First Year of Cargill in Japan, Akamatsu Manju assassinated Ashikaga Yoshinori, the sixth generation of the Muromachi shogunate, and raised an army in the Harumi Kingdom, a series of events known in history as the "Kagi Rebellion"
Cargill Rebellion
After the Cargill Rebellion, the Muromachi shogunate in Japan completely lost its authority, after all, even the reformed Ashikaga Sect was assassinated, and the Japanese government at this time was basically in a state of decline.
At the same time, after the Cargill Rebellion, the territory of the Akamatsu clan was transferred to the Yamana clan, and the power of the Yamana clan was expanded. This eventually led to a conflict between the Yamana clan and the Hosokawa clan, which eventually led to the Onin Rebellion of 1467!
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="85" > Yingren's Rebellion (1467-1477).</h1>
During the reign of Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the eighth shogun of Japan, the issue of succession eventually broke out in 1467, which lasted for 11 years.
Ashikaga Yoshimasa
The Onin Rebellion was mainly a clash between the Hosokawa clan and the Yamana clan within the shogunate. After the Cargill Rebellion, the Yamana clan, which had increased in strength, had developed into a major power in the Western Kingdom.
This aroused the vigilance of the Hosokawa clan, one of the three-pipe lord at this time, who was also the guardian of the Eight Kingdoms and the ruler of the Izumi Half-Kingdom, and finally decided to unite with the yamanobi against the Hatoyama clan, who was also a three-pipe lord
However, the decline of the Hatoyama clan led to a rivalry between the Yamana clan and the Hosokawa clan until the shogunate succession storm, that is, on January 17, 1467, when the Onhito Rebellion broke out!
The Rebellion of Ying Ren
At that time, Japan took sides around these two families, forming a great melee between the Hosokawa Combined Army of the Eastern Army and the Yamana Alliance of the Western Army. This event also ushered in the legendary Sengoku period in Japan!
Because the war involved a wide range of interests and a large number of participants, the war was full of twists and turns, and eventually fell into a state of stalemate. As the war continued, the scale and scope of the war continued to expand, and eventually it became a great scuffle that lasted for 11 years and spread throughout Japan!
In the end, the Onin Rebellion ended with the successive deaths of the two leaders and the settlement of the shogun succession dispute, but although the two sides reconciled, the impact of the Oin Rebellion continued, which was the later Japanese Sengoku period of the feudal division of the war.
After the Onin Rebellion, the prestige of the shogunate was severely frustrated, and the authority of the shoguns gradually usurped power by the shogunate (aide-de-camp), courtiers, and kunihito, who had been ennobled by the shogunate in various places.
In short, the entire Muromachi shogunate entered the countdown to its life, but despite this, several subsequent shoguns tried to restore the prestige of the shogunate until the outbreak of the Ming Dynasty...
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="100" > summary</h1>
From the unification of the north and the south to the division of the masses, the Muromachi shogunate of Japan only took more than seventy years to give a complete country to a fragmented Warring States era, and the next Japanese history will enter an era of chaos that lasted for more than a hundred years, that is, Japan's Sengoku period!
So what was the situation in Japan during the Sengoku period? How did the Muromachi shogunate come to an end? What will happen to Japanese society next?
Stay tuned for this series, and stay tuned for the next issue!