"Ancient Japanese Military Strategy" The rise of samurai
Lecture 9 The Rebellion of Ying Ren
Speaker: Hongming Hosokawa
Finisher: Leader Hosokawa Hongming
A chaos in the Kanto Region
Last time we mentioned that in 1449, the yashiro shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa succeeded to the throne.
Yashiro Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa (reigned 1449-1473)
Ashikaga Yoshimasa was incompetent, addicted to alcohol, and unable to control the political situation. It is basically overridden by the guardian daimyo everywhere. The shogunate gradually became chaotic, and the Kanto region, which practiced dual politics, became the fuse of chaos.
In previous lessons, we have said that the Muromachi shogunate had the position of Kamakura Gongfang in the Kanto region, and at the same time set up the relevant east pipe collar, which was held by the Uesugi clan for generations. The original intention of the shogunate was to check and balance each other and cooperate vigorously. However, this dualistic politics led to the emergence of many kanto governments. The political situation is chaotic. The two also quickly became internecine. As early as the reign of the sixth shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori, the so-called "Eternal Enjoyment Rebellion" broke out (1438). In 1425, the fourth shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori died, and because there was no heir, Ashikaga Yoshinori's brother Ashikaga Yoshinori was proclaimed a shogun, and the Kamakura clan Ashikaga Yoshinori (grandson of the Ashikaga ki clan) was very dissatisfied with this. Recruit troops and prepare for rebellion. In 1438, the Ashikaga clan took the name of Ashikaga Yoshihisa Yoshihisa for his concubine Maru. (According to the custom, the name of the daimyō Shizi Motofu should be reported to the shogun, usually with the shogun's word) Did not pay attention to the shogunate at all. The Kantō governor led Uesugi Kenshi to advise, but did not accept it, but instead sent troops to attack Uesugi Kenshi. Uesugi Kenshi appealed to the shogunate for help. The shogunate took the opportunity to send an army against the Ashikaga clan and weaken the Kwantung clan. Ashikaga Tsurugi simply rebelled, was defeated and captured by the shogunate, and committed suicide shortly after. After the righteous government came to power. The situation in the Kanto region is even more chaotic.
Mr. Ashikaga Mochi's own
Ashikaga's son Ashikaga Narita escaped from the rebellion, and in 1449 (the first year of Hotoku), the Narita clan was established by the old ministry as the Kamakura Gongfang, and the shogunate did not know what the purpose was, but it approved, and the Ashikaga Narishi clan was officially inaugurated as the Kamakura Gongfang. Believing that his father's death was due to the disloyalty of the Kanto governor Uesugi Kenshi, Ashikaga Narita tried to confront the Uesugi clan, ostensibly plotting to eliminate the Uesugi clan without regard to previous suspicions. On December 27, 1454, in the third year of the reign of Shōtoku (1454), seeing that the New Year was approaching, ashikaga Narita invited his successor, kanto governor Uesugi Kenshō (son of Uesugi Kenshi), to the Kamakura mansion, held a feast at the Gate of Fame, and killed him. After the murder, ashikaga's army immediately attacked the Uesugi family's territory in Ueno Kingdom at night, hitting them by surprise and causing them great losses, and the family members fled in a hurry. Taking advantage of the victory, the Ashikaga Clan defeated the Uesugi clan several times and seized a large area of the Uesugi clan. The Uesugi clan reached the point of family demise. I had to ask the shogunate for help. The shogunate ordered imagawa Yoshimoto (present-day Yoshimoto's great-grandfather) to take command of the Ashikaga Clan. This is the so-called "Hedonian Rebellion."
Since the issuance of the conquest order, the shogunate army has concentrated all forces as quickly as possible and launched an attack on Kamakura Castle, the main city of ashikaga Narita. Unfortunately, at that time, ashikaga Narita's main force was in the strategic area of Furukawa Castle (present-day Furukawa City, Ibaraki Prefecture), and Kamakura Castle was only a few old, weak, sick and disabled. Soon, Kamakura Castle was taken by the shogunate army. The Ashikaga Clan simply abandoned Kamakura and took over Furukawa Castle. The self-proclaimed "Furukawa Gongfang" became an independent kingdom. Furukawa Castle is a city by the river, located in the waterway hub of the Kanto Region, and is also a strategic powerhouse, with unique geographical advantages; at the same time, Furukawa Castle is surrounded by Ashikaga courtiers, and the economic base and personnel base are very strong, easy to defend and difficult to attack. The shogunate army and the Uesugi army attacked several times, but were repulsed by the Ashikaga Narita clan, but the Ashikaga Narita clan was also unable to extend the victory, and the two sides confronted each other. In order to gain an advantage, the two sides added additional defenses at the junction and built many cities. For example, the Uesugi family built two castles, Kawagoe Castle (present-day Kawagoe City, Saitama Prefecture) and Edo Castle (built by the Uesugi clan to irrigate Ota Province). These two cities will play an important role in later history.
Map of Kanto (please find Furukawa Castle on the map)
Nagisa Furukawa (My Wife)
Builder of Edo Castle (present-day Tokyo).
Ashikaga Yoshimasa heard the news and was furious, and in the second year of Nagaru (1458), ashikaga Yoshimasa, the 8th shogun of the shogunate, found that the problems in the Kanto region had not been solved, and simply dismissed Ashikaga Naruhi from the position of Kamakura Gongfang, and created another brother of his own, Ashikaga Masatoshi, as the Kamakura Gongfang, and ordered him to leave for the Kanto region as soon as possible to take over. However, Ashikaga Masato had no roots in the Kanto region, and as an outsider, he did not have the support of the Uesugi clan, and no one birded him at all. Ashikaga Masatoshi had to lead his troops to garrison Horikoshi Castle (present-day Izunoguni City, Shizuoka Prefecture). Entertaining himself, posterity called it "Horigoku Gongfang". At this point, three opposing forces appeared in the Kanto region: the first was the Ashikaga Clan, which occupied the five vassal states of Azufu, Kamisō, Shimocho, Tokiji, and Shimono in the east; the second was the Uesugi clan, which occupied Sagami, Musashi, and Ueno in the west; and the third was ashikaga Masayuki, who had no drama, and he occupied only the Izu country in the southwest corner. The situation in the Kanto region has not only not been resolved, but has become even more chaotic. At this time, the shogunate broke out again, and there was no time to take care of the destruction of the Kanto. Kanto was suddenly in chaos. The Uesugi clan and the Furukawa clan fought repeated tug-of-war between the 3rd year of Nagaryu (1459) and the 9th year of civilization (1477) around the 50 sub-regions of Musashi Kingdom, winning and losing each other. Collectively known as the "Fifty Sons of The War" (limited in space, not detailed, interested students can see for themselves)
The fight between the two sides continued until the 1670s, when neither of them took advantage of anything, when the Uesugi clan itself became chaotic again. During the Muromachi period, the Uesugi clan was divided into branches such as the Yamauchi Uesugi clan and the Ogaya Uesugi clan. Although the Yamauchi Uesugi family and the Ogaya Uesugi family were of the same clan, the Kanto clan was inherited by the Yamauchi family, and the Ogani family existed as a separate family, which was less than half of the Nagao clan's domain of the Yamauchi family's family (the head of the deacon's butler' vassals). During the war against the Furukawa clan, the Ogani clan supported the Yamauchi family, especially with the activity of the Ogani family's family, Ōda Ziqing (Michijin) and The Chief (Michigun) father and son, who increased their strength and became increasingly dissatisfied with the Yamauchi Uesugi clan. Contradictions between the two sides are on the verge of erupting.
Uesugi Family
At this time, the person who lit the powder keg was Nagao Keeharu, the son of Nagao Keenobu, the head of the Yamauchi Uesugi clan, who was dissatisfied with the fact that the lord Uesugi had made his younger brother Nagao Tadakei to inherit the family governor. In the 7th year of civilization (1475), Nagao Keechun occupied Musashi Bowl Castle, and in June of the following year, he launched a rebellion and attacked Uesugi Akira's camp of the Fifty Sons, defeating Uesugi Akira and gaining the support of the Furukawa Clan, and his power grew. The Uesugi clan sent Ota Michikuni to lead an army to conquest, and in June of the 12th year of civilization (1480), the last point of Jingchun, Hino Castle (Chichibu City, Saitama Prefecture), was attacked by Michiku, and Nagao Keeharu fled and defected to the Uesugi clan of Ogaya. This caused great dissatisfaction among the Yamauchi Uesugi clan. The conflict between the two Uesugi clans is on the verge of erupting. On November 27, 1483 (January 6, 1483), the Furukawa clan took the opportunity to reconcile with the shogunate represented by the Yamauchi Uesugi clan. At this point, the Heddy Rebellion finally ended. In the 18th year of civilization (1486), due to his high merits, Michigan was assassinated by the lord Uesugi Tseisei. Because of the adoption of Nagao Keeharu, coupled with the fact that the Ogaya family was opposed to the Yamauchi family because of the territorial problems in the Kanto region, the new hatred and the old hatred were counted together, and in the first year of the long life (1487), the two Uesugi clans officially broke up, and began a more than ten-year-long melee history called the "Nagaku Rebellion", which was opposed to the Horikoshi Gongfang Ashikaga Masatoshi, which was supported by the Yamauchi family, and the Ogaya family was close to the Furukawa Gongkata Narita clan, which will become the content of our second chapter of the Sengoku Period.
Map of the distribution of the kanto forces
2. The Rebellion of Ying Ren
The Kanto was in a mess, and the shogunate itself was not much better. Soon, the so-called "Onhito Rebellion" broke out, and the trigger for the Onin Rebellion was Ashikaga Yoshimasa himself and his masamune Hino Tomiko.
Tomiko Hino in film and television works
Tomiko Hino is the head of Ashikaga Yoshimasa. She is a famous "evil girl" in Japanese history, who is jealous and cruel, scheming, and violent, which can be said to be the heart of a snake and scorpion. With Ashikaga Yoshimasa is really "fish looking for fish, shrimp looking for shrimp turtle specifically looking for King Hachi". In the first year of Yasumasa(1455), Hino Tomoko married Ashikaga Yoshimasa, but did not have children for ten years, nor did Ashikaga Yoshimasa's other wives and concubines have children. In desperation, Ashikaga Yoshimasa had no choice but to persuade his younger brother Ashikaga Yoshikazu, who had become a monk, to return to the shogunate, and as the heir of the shogun, Hino Tomiko married her sister Ryoko to Ashikaga Yoshikazu, strengthening the relationship between the two families. Who knew that the following year, Hino Tomoko gave birth to another son, Ashikaga Yoshinori, which made Ashikaga Yoshinori's position suddenly embarrassing.
Ashikaga Yoshinori
However, it was not Hino Tomino, who intensified the conflict between the two sides, (to be fair, Hino Tomiko had little to do with the Onin Rebellion, but this does not prevent us from having a negative opinion of it) but Ashikaga's friend Yamana Yoshinori's Yamana Clan and Ashikaga Yoshimasa's side, Ashikaga Yoshinori's father Ise Sadahiko (this person's nephew is the famous Hojo Hayayun, and it can be seen from here that Hojo Hayayun is not a ronin as the marketing number says). For Ise Masamune, the sooner Ashikaga Yoshinori succeeds the shogun, the more favorable it will be to him, so he does not want a jack transition period between Yoshimasa and Yoshiyama's father and son. Therefore, ashikaga Yoshikazu and Yamana Munemasa are targeted everywhere. In July of the first year of Bunsei's reign (1466), Ise masamune falsely accused Ashikaga of plotting rebellion. After learning of Ise's personal rumors, Ashikaga Yoshimasa hid in the home of Hosokawa Katsumoto, one of the three governors at the time and the guardian of Ashikaga Yoshitsune, who had a good relationship with Yamana Munen, and Hosokawa Katsumoto's main chamber was Yamana's adopted daughter (as many public accounts say the two were conflicting at the beginning), and took the opportunity to unite with Yamana Munemaki and banished Ise Masato out of Kyoto (Bunkumasa coup). However, after the demise of the Ise Sadaki clique, Hosokawa Katsumoto dominated the shogunate, and Yamana Muneyoshi, who was very active in the expulsion of Ise's relatives, fell out of favor. As a result, the contradictions between the two intensified, and the disgruntled Yamana Muneyoshi exposed his political ambitions, and he began to support hatayama Yoshiyoshi of the Hatayama clan, one of the three rulers, to seize the hatayama family's governor, hoping to disrupt the political situation for more benefits. Fish in muddy waters.
Yamana Zongquan in the film and television works (I have seen this film and there is a bald head in the back)
In December of the first year of Bunsei (1466), Hatoyama Yoshinori was supported by Yamana Muneyoshi, and in the first month of the following year (1467), Hatoyama Yoshinobu and his cousin Hatoyama Masamune (supported by Hosokawa Katsumoto) in Kyoto's Shangyo Spirit God Social War (Imperial Spirit Battle), the Onin Rebellion broke out. Ashikaga Yoshimasa originally sided with Hosokawa Katsumoto and Hatoyama, but because he was afraid of the military strength of Yamana Muneyoshi and Hatayama Yoshinori, he temporarily changed his position, and finally the two unpopular he simply ordered no one to interfere, and let the two Hatsan family bosses fight together, and whoever wins is the governor. The final result of the Battle of The Imperial Spirits was the defeat of Hatoyama Masanori, the victory of Hatayama Yoshinori, and the civil war of the Hatoyama clan became the trigger for a complete break between Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Muneyoshi. Hosokawa Katsumoto was very dissatisfied, and in May, Hosokawa Katsumoto suddenly attacked Yamana Mune. The Hosokawa clan and the supporting daimyō led an army to Shangluo, and the Yamana clan's territories in various places were also attacked by the Hosokawa faction. Not to be outdone, Yamana Zongquan drew many daimyo to the Battle of Shangjing, and after the outbreak of the Yingren Rebellion, after more than three months of precipitation, it finally led to unimaginable turmoil, and the battlefield began to spread from Heian Kyo to the localities. A full-scale civil war broke out.
Hosokawa Katsumoto
The two armies fought around Kyoto, with Hosokawa on the Hosokawa side including Spo Yoshitoshi, Hatoyama Masanori, Akamatsu Masanobu, kyogoku Tsung-kiyoshi, and so on, and the headquarters was in the shogunate, called the Eastern Army. The strength of the army is claimed to be 160,000, and it is supported by righteousness. In terms of mountain names, there are Spo Yoshinori, Hatayama Yoshinori, Ichiseyoshi, Hexagon Takayoshi, Asakura Takakei, etc., and the yamana clan's entire residence west of the shogunate is called the Western Army. The strength of the army is claimed to be 110,000. Yamana Munakata, who had a good relationship with Yoshitomo, in order to compete with the Eastern Army, turned to Tomino Anda Yoshinori and supported Yoshinori. On 26 May, the two armies began a major battle. Initially the Eastern Army was slightly stronger. Preemptively, carry out sneak attacks, attack the Hana No Miya and the Imperial Palace, where the shogunate is located, hold the shogun and the emperor in their hands, become the so-called "official army", and storm the positions of the Western Army, fortunately, the fierce general Asakura Takaaki repelled the Eastern Army, so that the Western Army turned the danger into safety. In August, the lord of the Ouchi clan, who we talked about before, led an army of 20,000 people to Kyoto to support the Western Army, and the Western Army launched a counterattack, and in October it fought fiercely at the Xiangguo Temple, but there was no decisive victory or defeat. Since then, the fighting in the Kyoto area has entered a state of stalemate, and the war has gradually spread to the local area. The two sides not only in Kyoto, but also in the local areas supported the daimyo of the Eastern and Western armies, and they also killed each other, and there was a great chaos. The whole of Japan was also in chaos. During the battle, because of the main battle in the city street, both sides set fire to burn all the nearby residential temples and monasteries, attacked each other, and the bustling Kyoto suddenly became a scorched earth, and the impact was extremely bad.
Asakura Takaaki (Western Army General Wen Wu Shuangquan defeated the Eastern Army many times and wrote "Asakura Seventeen Articles")
YingRen's Rebellion Force Chart
With Ōuchi Masahiro and The Famous Yamato army of Nishikuni, the Eastern Army was at a disadvantage on the battlefield, and Ashikaga Yoshinori saw that the situation was not good, and feared that he would fall victim to peace talks between the Eastern and Western armies, so he fled from Heian Kyo and went to Hide in Ise Kingdom. Although Ashikaga Yoshishi escaped from Kyoto, Ashikaga Yoshimasa did not blame his brother, but instead gave him a fiefdom, watching Ashikaga Yoshishi's prestige grow higher and higher day by day, and Hino Tomiko, who was worried that his control over Ashikaga Yoshimizu was weakening, and his brother Hino Katsumitsu requested that Ise Sadaki return to the shogunate to deal with Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. Hino's move eventually forced Ashikaga Yoshikazu to the opposite side of the shogunate. In November of the second year of Theojin dynasty (1468), Ashikaga Yoshikazu fled into the Western Army, and was supported by Yamana Muneyoshi as a shogun, exercising the authority of a shogun within the Western Army, and the Muromachi shogunate was divided. The people supported by the Eastern and Western armies were completely reversed, which was a big surprise. The two sides continued to confront each other, and a tug-of-war was waged in kyoto and the surrounding area, and no one could help anyone.
The Rebellion of Ying Ren
The streets of Kyoto City were deserted by the long war and thieves. Due to the intervention of the guardian daimyō, the battle line was lengthened, and the daimyō could not fight near Kyoto. This led to an increase in the war-weary atmosphere of the Eastern and Western armies. In 1473 (5th year of civilization), on March 18, Yamana Muneyoshi and Hosokawa Katsumoto fell ill and died on May 11, and on December 19, Yoshimasa gave way to Yoshinaga Gokuku. On April 3, 1474 (the 6th year of civilization), Masatoshi Yamana, son of Munakata, and Masamoto Hosokawa, son of Katsumoto, reached a peace. Yishi relinquished his position as general. After that, there were still remnants of forces that continued to engage in small-scale wars, but with little impact, on November 11, 1477 (9th year of civilization), the hardliners of the Western Army, Ōuchi Masahiro, withdrew to the territory of the Zhou Defense State, and the Western Army had de facto disintegrated. On November 20, the shogunate held a feast to congratulate the "tranquility of the world", which finally ended the Ten-Year YingRen Rebellion. However, the authority of the Muromachi shogunate was also lost with the Rebellion of Onin.
3. Chaos has come
The years-long Onin Rebellion reduced Kyoto to a scorched earth, and the prestige of the Muromachi shogunate plummeted. Shortly after the YingRen Rebellion, Hosokawa Masamoto took office as governor. Known as the leader of the Hosokawa clan. In 1489, the general Yi Shang died of excessive alcohol addiction and was childless. Hosokawa Masamoto elected Ashikaga Yoshisumi, son of Ashikaga Masatoshi of the Kanto Horikoshi Clan, as a shogun, but with the support of Tomoko Hino and Masatoshi Hatayama, who had alternated with Masamoto, Ashikaga Yoshitoshi's son Yoshinori (later renamed Minoru) became the 10th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate. Masamoto , unhappy with this result , whose mother was Yoshiko Ryoko , was dissatisfied with this result and began to distance himself from the shogunate. After Yoshiaki became a general, the power of his biological father Yishi and the chief of state soared. Tomiko Hino felt deceived and colluded with Masamoto Hosokawa. (Really worthy of the stick)
Masamoto Hosokawa
In the second year of Akio (1493), Tomiko, in cooperation with Hosokawa Masamoto, abolished the position of shogun of Yoshinori and replaced him with Ashikaga Yoshisumi, son of Ashikaga Masatoshi of the Horikoshi Clan, a matter known in history as the change of Akitori. Ashikaga Yoshinori fled and defected to Ōuchi Yoshiyuki, the son of Ōuchi Masahiro, in a vain attempt to do it again. After the change of Akira, Hosokawa Masamoto took full control of power, and the little prestige of the Muromachi shogunate, then known as the "half-shogun", was lost. The general was completely reduced to a puppet of the powerful daimyo. The prestige of the central government was lost, and many local lords followed suit, driving the local rulers away and becoming self-reliant, and the localities became independent, attacking each other, and chaos, and many historians believe that after the Ying Ren Rebellion and the Ming Ying Change, Japan entered the so-called "Warring States Era". （1467-1573）
Ashikaga Yoshinori
Ouchi Yoshitaka (Before the Rise of the Maori Clan, the Ouchi clan was the most powerful daimyō in China)
The most classic feature of the Warring States period is "Lower Keshang", the so-called "Lower Keshang" refers to the phenomenon of subordinates replacing superiors, usurping the main family by dividing families, eliminating the owners of the household, expelling samurai by peasants, etc., marking the total collapse of the local ruling order and the "collapse of etiquette". For example, during the Onin Rebellion, many of the guardians who had been involved in confrontations in Kyoto for a long time and had no time to manage their territories would entrust the affairs of the territory to the guardians (acting guardians), most of whom were from the local people (i.e., the landlords were strong and powerful), and were like land snakes in the local area. Many guardians took the opportunity to expel the guardians and obtain local rule, the Warring States period, many daimyo came from the guardian generation, in addition, ordinary courtiers, people of the country, and even ronin and some unknown people in the Warring States period can expel the local guardians through various means, seize the local rule, and then attack each other, it can be said that at this point, the local rule of the shogunate completely collapsed.
Another major feature of the Sengoku period was the rise of "foot light", in which samurai and their attendants were the main force in the war. However, entering the Warring States period. With the expansion of the scale of the war, the "foot light" class quietly rose, the so-called "foot light", generally composed of rich peasants or self-cultivators, the earliest can be traced back to the time of Emperor Tenmu (reigned 673-686), very early recorded, basically belong to temporary recruitment, but into the Warring States era, only began to appear on a large scale, they usually engaged in labor, wartime became pawns. In the Warring States period, he was trained in bows and arrows and guns and organized into troops. Fight with samurai. Although the combat effectiveness and equipment of ashikaga could not be compared with that of samurai, many of them did not have armor or even shoes, and the morale of barefoot soldiers (hence the name light) was not high, but the number was large, and many daimyo recruited a large number of ashikaga to supplement the army, making the number of troops expand several times or even dozens of times. The heavy use of footlight meant that the wars of the Warring States period would undergo tremendous changes in both scale and form.
Footlight defending against cavalry (cloaked)
So, what kind of changes will occur in Japan during the Warring States period, and what will be the heroes? Stay tuned for Chapter 2 of Japan's Ancient Military Strategy, The Sengoku Period, which will be launched in early 2021.
Exercises after class
1 What civil unrest broke out in the Kanto during the middle of the Muromachi period? The result?
2 What was the cause of the Yingren Rebellion? What are the implications
3 What is the difference between the Sengoku daimyo and the daimyō of the Muromachi period?