"Parents' Words Matchmaking Covenant" is like a pair of circles of closed hands, strangled on the names of those brilliant sunshine, once, leaving a deep pain.
One
In August 1917, Hu Shi married Jiang Dongxiu, the small-footed Jiangnan woman. But what made Hu Shi's uncontrollable gaze on that day was the woman next to the bride who acted as a bridesmaid, the petite lady, Cao Sheng, a weak woman ten years younger than the groom, and also the half-sister of Hu Shi's cousin, also called Cao Peisheng, and people in the clan used to call her "Juan". The following year, Cao Sheng married Hu Guanying, and the next year, due to family discord and Cao Sheng, he ran away from home and entered the Hangzhou Women's Normal School, and four years later, the mother-in-law married the second room for her son on the grounds that Cao Sheng did not have children, and Cao Sheng dissolved the marriage relationship with Hu Guanying.
The West Lake Bai causeway legend has many beautiful women and men, including Cao Sheng and Hu Shi. After a farewell from the wedding, Hu Shi suddenly came to the West Lake because he learned that the beauty he had always loved was studying hard in Hangzhou, and a sentence by Cao Sheng's distant relative and famous poet Wang Jingzhi bluntly broke the theme. "Hu Shi came to Hangzhou to visit the 'little bridesmaids' who lived alone."
The two "met unexpectedly" on the edge of the West Lake, and a few days later Hu Shi gave them a poem, which is the famous "West Lake":
Seventeen years of dream of West Lake,
Can't cure my disease,
It made me sicker!
However, West Lake is cute after all.
Light fog cages, moonlight shines,
My heart also swayed with the lake light.
The day before yesterday, Yi was too gorgeous!
I had to sneak around in the shade of the canopy,
I didn't dare to look at Yi squarely.
This comes back,
I just think Yi is more cute,
Therefore, I was reluctant to leave in a hurry...
Titled "West Lake", naturally this "Yi" refers to the West Lake, but the clever and transparent Cao Sheng immediately read the unfinished words of Hu Shi's poem, and two months later, the West Lake Nanshan Yanxia Cave, the two began a sweet year of less than a hundred days, that year, Cao Sheng was just twenty years old.
That love had been planned in Hu Shi's heart for a long time, but it was sudden for Cao Sheng. The two of them either played tea against each other, or played in the mountains and rivers, quietly enjoying the love of the heart and the sweet after the battle millet, Hu Shi repeatedly mentioned the love with Cao Sheng's West Lake in his diary, "... In the afternoon, I went out to see the osmanthus flowers in unison, and after passing through Wengjia Mountain, the laurel trees in the mountains were in full bloom, and the aroma was welcoming. We crossed Ge Hongjing, climbed the mountain, and went to Longjing Temple...", "In the morning, I watched a story of "The Hidden Record of the Continuing Hero" with Juan, and I said that this story can be played as a narrative poem..." "I have spent the most happy days of my life in the moonlight for three months."
In the mid-autumn of 1923, Xu Zhimo, the head of the Crescent Poetry Department, came to Hangzhou and saw at a glance that Hu Shi and Cao Peisheng had an extraordinary relationship. This great poet, who was open-minded and dared to love and dare to hate, then encouraged Hu Shi to "revolutionize the life of old-style marriage." ”
On the one hand, under the influence of Western culture, he was open-minded and on the other hand, he accepted the constraints of traditional Chinese morality since childhood, and between free love and old-fashioned marriage, he always swayed left and right like a pendulum and could not break free.
To leave, to leave, Hu Shi's life can not only be love, the last page of yanxia cave diary shows that Hu Shi obviously did not sleep all night. "When I woke up, the moon was in the sky, shining on my head, and it was already three o'clock. This is the last time to see the moon in Yanxia Cave... Now when I parted, the moon came to see me again, and since then, I don't know when I will continue the immortal life of yanxia cave mountain moon for three months! Watching the moon slowly move over the corner of the house on the pillow, I couldn't help but feel sad..."
It should be a pair of sweet Mandarin ducks who are not envious of immortals, but the creation of people, the wife with a knife to force the question, the zodiac tiger Jiang Dongxiu just resisted the rabbit of Hu Shi, originally there has always been a rumor that Hu Shi is afraid of the "tigress", the knife flashed, Mr. Hu poured beans in a bamboo basket. At that time, Hu Mu had already passed away, and it was said that Hu Shi no longer had the moral constraint of "obeying his mother's orders and fulfilling filial piety", and Hu Shi, who belonged to the rabbit, could not hold back his deep thoughts about Cao Sheng, and gritted his teeth and proposed a divorce, but the Jiang clan of the tiger swore not to follow, "Divorce is OK, but I will kill your two children first!" Looking at the kitchen knife in Jiang's hand, Hu Shi, as a father, was indeed as confused as his name.
Hu Shi lost his father at the age of four, his mother was only twenty-three years old, and the orphans and widows depended on each other for their lives. Zhongxiao is the biggest measure of personality in China, so when his mother arranged a marriage for him, Jiang Dongxiu, which he was obviously not interested in, he chose to "be willing to be willing to give in to those who love me", as long as he could achieve his mother's satisfaction, he gave up struggling and resisting. And this greatness was also perfectly embodied in later life, and such a martyrdom-style sadness tormented Hu Shi for a lifetime, allowing him to taste the bitter fruit alone in the support of the stars and the moon in the world.
In "The Secret Devil Cliff Moon Night", Hu Shi sighed for a long time, "The mountain wind has disturbed the loose marks on the window paper, and it cannot blow away the shadow on my heart", and the new Chinese thinker who has revolutionized the life of the old culture has to excuse himself from self-talk and self-consolation: "If you are not free, you are also free." The two "freedoms" are almost helpless.
In contrast, Zhang HateShui or the long shirt fluttering, or the suit is straight, the Chinese and Western are pure, the pen shakes the Spring and Autumn, the eighteen-year-old married Xu Wenshu as a wife, because he has never seen a bride before marriage, naturally can not be reconciled in the future, Zhang Hateshui wants li Qingzhao-style wife of a husband, and wants a talented woman who envies the ordinary. So he went to Beijing alone, "The History of Spring Names" made him a hit, and then, Hu Qiuxia stepped into Zhang Hexhui's life, but it was still the wish of the imperfect talent, and the second loss made Zhang Hateshui really feel the helpless taste of "people grow and hate water changdong".
At the age of thirty-five, Zhang Hexhui met Zhou Zhen, sixteen years old, worthy of the name like a flower. Red sleeves add incense, raise eyebrows, a lifetime of big book special book children love zhang hate water this time really like a fish to the water love of the mountain. With a clever pen, he supported his unshakable position in literature and enriched his feelings between three women who lived in peace.
Under Zhang Hexhui's left and right sources, Hu Shi was tired of the name and trapped by love, although he called himself the "father of the Chinese Renaissance", and was also recognized as the leader of China's new cultural movement and the pioneer of modern liberalism in China, but he could not lose the burden of the way of Confucius and Mencius, carrying the framework of etiquette and swaying left and right between the fate of the revolutionary text or the fate of the revolutionary religion, he dared to secretly love, but did not dare to marry generously, although he read a lifetime of books, revolutionized the fate of literature for a lifetime, and thought that he "both opened up and continued the past". But he could not complete this last jump gracefully. "The Book of the Sages is nothing more than two central ideas—life and death and the pursuit of bliss." Hu Shi could not live and die, nor could he seek bliss, and the result seemed to be dashing but actually miserable, as Mr. Li Zongren said: "Mr. Shizhi, cherish the feathers." This feather, indeed beautiful and gorgeous, a small text is popular, the whole country is in an uproar, and since then Hu Shiwen has been shining high; this feather, even heavier than Cao Sheng's unwilling to follow gaze, Cao Sheng is so unfortunate, it has fulfilled Hu Shi's feathers; this feather not only harmed Hu Shi himself, but also harmed Cao Sheng. Hu Shi "This timid gentleman who is full of affection and etiquette, engaged in politics, he did not dare to rebel, he fell in love, and he could not make any bold style." Sincerely.
Hu Shi and Cao Sheng
Hu Shi has overthrown five thousand years of feudal culture, but he cannot move the same long-standing feudal etiquette, and he cannot escape the sword of his tongue. This is a dignified literary master, but he is also a moral villain who only promises, and he has revolutionized the life of literature but cannot get rid of the life of the inherent moral norms of China. Filial piety and face are great morality and great right and wrong, and Gao Wei, like Hu Shi, does not dare to cross the thunder pool slightly. In 1962, Hu Shi ended with a smile in his hand at a cocktail party full of celebrities, and Chiang Kai-shek's Bang Lian commented: "The model of the old morality in the new culture, the teacher of the new ideas in the old ethics." "Chiang Kai-shek has been looking at the wrong situation and the wrong people all his life, but this time, he is not wrong at all, just right to the point.
Instead, Zhang Hateshui, who laughed at the marriage, boldly sought in the face of a failed marriage, boldly possessed, and let the three wives love the same sisters, and also fulfilled his own eternal style. In contrast, although Hu Shi's name is chinese and Western, he is really not as good as Zhang Hateshui's clever hands.
Cao Sheng has always been obscure, and even many books about Hu Shi can hardly see this name. She hid her name in anonymity, did not marry until her death, and lived a light life, but she also carried a heavy burden for a lifetime. Looking at Hu Shi's great popularity, and then watching Hu Shi go to Taiwan and stay in the United States, she did not cry and rush to the ground, she just followed her eyes and never gave up in her life.
This Cao Sheng, who Hu Shi was known as the most knowledgeable and most affectionate and feminine in his life, has been teaching at Fudan University until he is old, Shaohua is gone, and his heart is gray. Full of autumn resentment, happy smile, tenderness, but not moving, that love, she can't afford it, she can't put it down, she can't let love rise from the ground, throw it on the ground, until death, the heart of this weak woman with thin shoulders and short hair is only filled with a name, and the affection that has been flicking for months. The human essence of "doing things seriously and being a serious person" advocated by Hu Shi is extremely pale and powerless in front of this thin woman.
Cao Sheng seems to be far away from Hu Shi, who, taking into account his status, rarely mentions this red face in public except for his own diary, but in the process of Hu Shi's lectures everywhere, as long as it involves love, he will inevitably mention the poems inscribed by Lu You on the wall of Shen Yuan:
The city's oblique sun paints horn mourning, and Shen Garden is not a restoration of the old pond platform.
The spring wave green under the sad bridge was once a shocking photo.
There is a Yanglin Bridge at the mouth of the village of Shangzhuang Village in Jixi, Anhui Province, where Hu Shi's former residence was, and In his will, Cao Sheng told his family to bury themselves next to the path by the Yanglin Bridge, because that road was the only feasible way for Hu Shi to return home.
Elderly Hu Shi
On June 25, 1965, the flash flood suddenly fell, the Yanglin Bridge was destroyed, and Cao Sheng, who was still alive at the time, took out his only savings to rebuild the Yanglin Bridge, just so that some returnees could find their way home.
Today, Yang Linqiao is still silent, and the pulse is full of emotion. On that bridge, there should be a faint gaze of long-awaited gaze, and a sigh of endless pain through the heart and lungs.
Two
Hu Shi's first white drama book "Lifelong Events" during the May Fourth period made this young man in a long shirt and fluttering momentarily famous in the world, and the script seriously covered thousands of years of arranged marriages in China with a new style of free love. But after all, Hu Shi still obeyed his mother's arrangements in his life's major events. This little irony reflects the dual personality of the old intellectuals armed with new ideas in the May Fourth period, who were painfully wandering between the old and the new, one is the advanced western ideological system, the other is the traditional morality that has been deeply rooted for five thousand years, the swing between the two poles, the collision of the two ideas and the big fight, Hu Shi can never do the left and right, after having to break up with Cao Sheng, The exhaustion of breathing under the pressure of the Way of Confucius and Mencius and the yearning for a new life made Hu Shi once again drift his gaze to the other side of the ocean.
In 1910, Hu Shi was admitted to tsinghua Gengzi indemnity to study in the United States, when filling in personal information, because of the admiration of Darwin's "natural selection of the survival of the fittest" evolutionary theory, so he used the name of "Hu Shi" to apply for the examination, and then changed his name to Hu Shi.
At a party four years later, Hu Shi became acquainted with Cornell University professor Henry's Thousand Golden Vellions. Before that, he had already been engaged to Jiang Dongxiu.
Wei Liansi is a very independent and strong Western woman. Soon, she was deeply attracted by Hu Shi's profound oriental cultural connotations, fell into an inextricable addiction and love, and Hu Shi also had a good feeling for this cheerful and lively woman, in 1917 when Hu Shi had to return to China to become a relative, he left a letter to Wei Liansi, clearly expressing his love for her, and even "I hope that I am singing the protagonist with you at this upcoming wedding, but what I contradict is still the hateful Chinese morality." He did not dare to resist a marriage contract signed to him by his mother early on, and when he tried the sorrow of the old-style marriage and the end of Cao Sheng's world, Wei Liansi, who had always been alive in his mind, made him yearn for a country thousands of miles away, and after fighting with the old traditional and old morality, he longed for the freedom and equality of the Western way.
After marriage, Hu Shi and Wei Liansi had no contact for several years, until after breaking up with Cao Sheng, he began to shout freedom, because he felt that he had never "really got it", and at this time, after Wei Liansi experienced a lost love, he wrote a letter to Hu Shi, in which she told him about the aftermath with the bluntness and honesty characteristic of Western women. Hu Shi, who was also disheartened, immediately replied to the letter, hoping to relive the "young days". After that, until 1926, before he once again set foot on American soil, the two exchanged letters and affection, and at most Hu Shi even "wrote more than ten notes a day." Close to Cao Sheng, but there is no reason to stay, and Jiang Dongxiu's death forced him to make him even more helpless, in the letter he complained about his pain countless times, "Marriage, I want it, but marriage is already a shackle to me." "The moral builder of this new Chinese thinking system can be merciless in cutting off the eight strands of literature with one knife, but from beginning to end, he cannot get rid of the shackles of traditional ethics, he cannot break the old morality, and he cannot cut off the old sentiments.
Wei Liansi, who has received modern Western education all his life, does not think much of Hu Shi's scruples, "An unfathomable stone wall, as long as we ignore its existence, it can disintegrate and disappear in a moment." But Hu Shi could not ignore all this in a dashing manner, after all, he was born in China, the traditional ethics was deeply rooted in thought and worldly vision, his mother's expectations of him, and he was already a prominent figure at that time, facing the demands of traditional morality on himself, making it impossible for him to put himself under the situation of filial piety and injustice, and at this point, he had to admit that he was just a simple scholar.
However, the yearning for love also allows him to maintain the enthusiasm and expectation of a new man, in China, many entanglements and pressures make it impossible for him to extend the hand of love to Cao Sheng, but it cannot prevent him from extending the hand of love to thousands of miles away. In June 1939, in a letter to Wei Liansi, there was a poem "Linjiang Immortal": "The sound of the creek across the tree is broken, and the birds are singing." Cross the trail together to take advantage of the creek slope. I and Jun shiye, Jun for me to make flowers. More to the waterfront to sit together, the sun is shaded by trees. The language is deep and confused, no matter how dim the crow, at this time Jun and I, where is the more tolerant of him? "And Wei Liansixue will not talk in Chinese style, she will only be blunt and fiery." Hu Shi, I love you! I don't like to whisper that your love is like air in the sun surrounding my mind and not being seen, but I must believe it exists. How do we make it public without arousing disgust to others? If we could live together completely, we would be like two streams running together into a valley. ”
Former residence of Hu Shi and Jiang Dongxiu
Hu Shi smiled bitterly. "How do you make it public without arousing the disgust of others?" That's the crux of his life. He had no answers, and he was unable to find answers in China, so he wanted to leave China's social environment and pursue a free life without any obstacles. Hu Shi went to the United States many times in his life, and in 1938, the Nationalist government appointed him as ambassador plenipotentiary to the United States, and he gladly accepted the order, not only because he had put himself in the shoes of the old Chinese morality, but more importantly, there was a vein of Wei Liansi's eyes. Sadly, however, the famous Hu Shi had to carry his original jiang clan under the gaze of hundreds of millions of pairs of domestic gazes in a foreign country. This pioneer of China's new concept of thinking has sought perfection, and in the whole life process of constantly shuttling between the old and the new like a top, he has revolutionized the fate of the old culture and the life of his own love.
Wei Liansi's understanding of Hu Shi is beyond the understanding of Chinese culture by ordinary Westerners, since she was concerned about Hu Shi, she never asked Hu Shi for divorce, and she rejected many suitors in her life, and what pained her was that "I can't marry everyone who wants to marry me!" And ironically, I'll never be able to marry the only person I want to marry. It's so hard to let you go and get out of my adoration, old friend—but you're not going to end well if you stay. ”
On March 12, 1923, Hu Shi wrote to Wei Liansi: "When I was promoting the vernacular movement, what helped me the most was the classical education I received from an early age. And what Hu Shi can give to Wei Liansi is also the unmarried love that cannot be helped under this "classical education". Love can be promised without reservation and sincerity, marriage is absolutely impossible, it will anger the most noble god in the traditional Spiritual Field of China, and even a great man like Hu Shi who smashed the old century did not dare to do anything about the old marriage, which cannot but be said to be a pity.
On Hu Shi's 69th birthday in 1959, Wei Liansi, who was also close at hand and still had no chance to get together, sent a letter to Hu Shi, who had decided to devote her life savings to us as a fund for the English translation and publication of Hu Shi's works. From acquaintance to acquaintance and love, Wei Liansi and Hu Shi have experienced fifty years of infatuation and affection, and fifty years of silent love and sorrow and joy. And Hu Shi naively believes that the lack of connection with Cao Sheng stems from the domestic unfreedom, and after being in the United States, "I should be free from this", but his reputation is too loud, no matter where he is, those eyes that stare at his background still make him unable to give up a marriage contract, and dare not take a step beyond the thunder pool. In 1962, Hu Shi died of illness in Taiwan, and in a letter shortly before his death, he said regretfully, "Why should I let the world pay attention?" Those eyes hurt me... I can't believe that when you and I are together, we will feel old. You wait for me, we walk together, we talk together, we repeat our youthful days. ”
Nine years later, Wei Liansi died alone on the island of Babedo, this five-year-old Western woman of hu shi had never been married, and had been alone with her and Hu Shi's love, platonic love, the relics were actually intact with Hu Shi's thousands of letters and all the manuscripts of Hu Shi she could collect, in the letter she left to Hu Shi's wife Jiang Dongxiu when she was dying, she said, "I don't want to hide my love from Jun, I love him, pure and sincere, this is the last thing I can do for him, please put these things away." I think it's good for you or for your country. ”
After this, she and Hu Shi can finally walk hand in hand in heaven, isn't that the dream and destination they have been painfully pursuing all their lives?
Three
There is such a passage in Zhou Tianping's "Hu Shi and Wei Liansi - Fifty Years of Deep Affection". “...... A 'sympathetic understanding'. Putting yourself in the shoes of the person in question, not only is it' not only 'What should you and I do with this?' Even ' what about the saints? This tolerance and understanding is not so much for the parties as it is for the 'people'. ”
Hu Shi, as a pioneer ideological reformer in China, a superman with thirty-two doctorates, still cannot jump out of the circle of traditional ethics and morality, and repeatedly wanders back and forth on this endless circle, ostensibly a moral pioneer who opposes chastity and filial piety, but in his bones is a victim of typical Chinese Confucian culture, just as his disciple Tang Degang said in "Hu Shi's Miscellaneous Memories". "Qi Tian Dasheng, who has been doing it for decades, is actually just a stinky monk's bodyguard." In terms of cultural development and progress, Hu Zhizhi is worthy of being the Great Sage of Qi Tian, and in the reconstruction and restructuring of human morality, he still believes in the little-by-bit reform of treating the head with a headache and a sore foot, which is embodied in Hu Shi's own body, and must have helped the jar to pour the bottle, and made a mess that could not be cleaned up, and was still just "a stinky monk's bodyguard." Hu Shi's colorful life was spent awkwardly in this kind of dilemma that he often said.
Middle-aged Hu Shi
The epitaph of Mr. Hu Shi, written by the well-known scholar Mao Zishui, contains the following passage: "This person who has worked hard for the progress of scholarship and culture, for the freedom of thought and speech, for the honor of the nation, and for the happiness of mankind, and who has worked so hard to die, is now resting here!" We believe that the skeleton will eventually be destroyed, and the valley will change, but now the light given to the world by the philosopher in the tomb will always exist. ”
It is true that the light given to the world by this philosopher has illuminated the world for enough to benefit future generations, but this light seems to never shine on Cao Sheng and Wei Liansi, and for this two women, there is only darkness, the darkness of love that is ignored and forgotten and buried by the world.
Hu Shi, formerly known as Si Hui (嗣穈), scientific name Hong Qi (洪骍), the character Xijiang, later changed his name to Hu Shi (胡适), the character is suitable. According to the current vernacular interpretation, these three words of "Hu Shizhi" can be completely replaced by an idiom: "where to go".
Indeed, hu shi has a clear stand on the proposition of whose life and how to revolutionize, but he is really as ambiguous as his own name in terms of family love and kicking down traditional morality.
Hu Shi's "China's First Vernacular Poem" is titled "Butterfly":
Two yellow butterflies, both flying into the sky.
For some reason, a sudden fly back.
The remaining one, lonely and pitiful.
Nor is there a heart to heaven, and heaven is too lonely.
This poem is of great significance to Hu Shi, because in the field of universal cognition, this is the earliest vernacular poem in China, and the poetry is simple and straightforward, and the two yellow butterflies are not the embodiment of two independent women?