**Creation origins
Before the 19th century, the world tea market was almost entirely supplied by China. Later, due to the manipulation of the British and American tea industry foreign firms, the extraction of compradors and intermediary merchants, coupled with the rise of Indian tin tea and Japanese tea, Chinese tea was hit hard. After the "918" incident in 1931, most of the economic institutions were destroyed, and the national tea industry also came to a standstill. After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Nationalist Government, forced by internal and external pressure to strengthen economic control, set up a trade committee to exercise control over certain important export agricultural and mineral products, and successively established the Fuxing Commercial Company, the China Tea Company, and the Fuhua Trading Company under the Trade Commission to be responsible for the production, manufacture, purchase, transportation, and foreign trade of agricultural products such as tung oil, tea, raw silk, and wool.
After entering the unified purchase and marketing, the tea industry is in urgent need of specialized talents. At that time, all the colleges and universities across the country, as well as agricultural colleges and agricultural middle schools, did not have special departments for professional training of tea industry talents. Fudan University was the first tea industry group in Chinese colleges and universities, thanks to Mr. Wu Juenong and Sun Hanbing. Sun Hanbing was acquainted with Wu Juenong as early as the Dawn Bookstore period, and Sun founded the Dawn Bookstore, and Wu was a shareholder and supporter of the Digest. In 1939, Wu Juenong, then commissioner of the Trade Commission and chief technician of the China Tea Company, felt that the original tea industry team was difficult to cope with, and held a tea control personnel training class at the Fuhua Company in Hong Kong. He had a brief encounter with Sun Hanbing, provost of Fudan University and dean of the Law School, who went to Hong Kong to collect materials from the Digest, and talked about the establishment of a tea department in Fudan. During the war years, how to fight for funds and manpower, and support the establishment of agricultural colleges on the basis of the existing departments of reclamation and horticulture, was a difficult point faced by Fudan at that time. Therefore, when Sun Hanbing and the president Wu Nanxuan discussed the establishment of a tea industry department, Wu Nanxuan was very much in favor of it, and asked Wu Juenong to help solve the problem of funding and teachers. Unfortunately, during the preparation process, Sun Hanbing was killed on May 27, 1940, when the Japanese aircraft bombed Fudan, which made Wu Juenong feel deeply sad. In December 1941, he mourned Sun Hanbing in his speech "The Mission of Fudan Tea People" delivered at the Memorial Week of Fudan University, and specifically mentioned: "The first proposed establishment of this department was Mr. Sun Hanbing. When he first came to Hong Kong often, he saw that our career was quite developed at that time, and at the same time, he saw the tea merchants in Shanghai and Han, as well as the so-called "intellectuals" who attached themselves to these tea merchants for their lives, but they worried about our future. As a result, after the second period of 1939, the Shanghai and Han tea stacks did have the fact of borrowing corpses to return the soul, so in the winter of 1939, the brothers went to Chongqing, and he asked President Wu to set up a special department, and asked the brothers to serve as the head of the department to create professionals for the future of the tea industry. His sincerity in his treatment of friends and his clarity in observing things will never be forgotten. ”
In early 1941 Wu Juenong was in Chongqing
**Wu Juenong was the first director of the tea group
At the beginning of 1940, Wu Juenong went to Chongqing, because of the large number of national government agencies and bloated personnel, he was relatively idle during this period, so he focused on establishing the tea industry department. His idea was strongly supported by Zou Bingwen, who was a close friend and then a member of the Standing Committee and acting director of the Trade Commission. In April 1940, the China Tea Industry Company and Fudan University signed the "Contract for JointLy Organizing the Tea Industry Department and the Tea Industry Specialized Department", stipulating that the two sides would form the "Fudan University Tea Industry Education Committee", and the China Tea Industry Company would bear the "start-up fee of 90,000 yuan" and "the first year's regular fee of 58,000 yuan", Fudan University would bear the "start-up fee of 45,000 yuan" and "the first year of the regular fee of 19,000 yuan", and the recurrent fee after the second year would be agreed upon by the committee every year according to the proportion of the increase in shifts. Among them, one of the research expenses is borne by China Tea Company, two-thirds of the other items are borne by China Tea Company, and one-third is borne by Fudan. Using the original foundation of agricultural production education in Fudan, cultivate tea industry technology and business professionals to meet the needs of tea trade institutions and research institutions; at the same time study the improvement of tea production technology and trade, in order to seek the development of China's tea export. It was agreed that in the fall of 1940 there would be one class of first-year freshmen, with a class size of thirty to fifty, and one more class each year thereafter. The department of tea industry graduated in four years, with reference to the charter of the College of Agriculture of the Ministry of Education, and the graduation of the tea industry specialty department in two years was handled in accordance with the charter of the ministry.
In April 1940, China Tea Company and Fudan University jointly established a contract for the Department of Tea Industry and the Department of Tea Industry
In May of the same year, China Tea Company submitted the joint venture to the Ministry of Economic Affairs and was approved. In the same month, China Tea Company allocated 50,000 yuan of start-up fees to Fudan as promised, and the remaining 40,000 yuan was intended to be transferred to the Hong Kong branch, but due to "difficulties in exchange between Chongqing and Hong Kong", it was collected by Leng Xueqiao, secretary of the president of Fudan University, to the Chongqing headquarters office of China Tea Company at the end of the month (see the letter from the general office of China Tea Company to Fudan University on May 30, 1940). At the same time, Fudan also quickly reported to the Ministry of Education for the record. On June 10, Wu Nanxuan sent a letter to Zhang Yi, Director General of the Ministry of Education: "The university and the China Tea Company have agreed to copy all the outlines and courses of the Tea Industry Department and the Tea Industry Specialty Department, and submit a document for the record, and send another letter to Mr. Lifu urging approval." This submission and the private letter are hereby enclosed herewith, i.e., please forward it on your behalf and facilitate it with all your might. Soon it was basically approved by the Ministry of Education, but the name of the Tea Industry Department was inconsistent with the university regulations, so Fudan University was renamed the Tea Industry Group of the Department of Agronomy.
On August 11, 1940, the Tea Industry Education Committee of Fudan University held the first meeting of the Education Committee at Fudan University in Beibei Huangbei, composed of Wu Nanxuan, Wu Juenong, Li Lianggong (then director of the Reclamation Department), Shou Jingwei (general manager of China Tea Company), Chen Shigao (Commissioner of technical department of China Tea Company), and President Wu Nanxuan as chairman. The items reported at the meeting included specialized courses, the name of the tea industry group, the first enrollment plan, the preparation of experimental tea farms and tea factories, etc.
On the issue of the selection of the head of the department of tea industry, Wu Nanxuan had previously personally written to ask Wu Juenong to serve as a minister, and Wu Said in the letter, Wu Juenong said: "The most famous expert in the domestic tea industry is the most famous expert in the domestic tea industry, with great academic skills and rich experience. (See Wu Nanxuan to Wu Juenongzha on August 1, 1940) "The China Tea Company also pushed Wu Juenong: "Brother Juenong is well-versed in tea research, and is fully responsible for the technology in our company, and he has been hired by your school as the director of the tea industry department. (See Shou Jingwei to Wu Nanxuan on August 12)"
In August 1940, Shou Jingwei sent a letter to Wu Nanxuan
In October 1940, Wu Juenong sent a letter to Li Lianggong
What Wu and Shou said is not false, and Wu Juenong's position in the Chinese tea industry is indeed unparalleled. As early as when he was studying at the Zhejiang Provincial Secondary Agricultural Technical School, Wu Juenong became interested in the tea industry, and in 1919, he was admitted by the Provincial Department of Education to study the tea industry in Japan. At the end of 1922, he returned to China, and then at the invitation of Zou Bingwen, he began to organize tea export inspections, and truly embarked on the road of striving to revitalize the Chinese tea industry. The creation of China's tea higher education system is Wu Juenong's long-term pursuit, so under the grand invitation of Wu Nanxuan and Shou Jingwei, he gladly accepted the appointment of the director of the Fudan Tea Industry Group.
In September 1940, the Tea Industry Group and the Tea Industry Specialty Department were formally established, together with the original Reclamation Department and the Department of Horticulture to form the Agricultural College of Fudan University, with Li Lianggong as the first dean, and Fudan developed from the original four colleges into the five colleges of arts, science, law, commerce and agriculture. In the early days of the establishment of the Department of Tea Industry, Wu Juenong used his extensive contacts to invite relevant experts and scholars to teach at the school. For example, on October 5, 1940, he wrote to Li Lianggongyun: "Eight letters of appointment issued by the school have been confiscated. Mr. Wang Zhaocheng, Bi Xianghui, Zhuang Ren and Xu Yuxi can all arrive at the school around the 10th festival. (Bi Jun may still have to make another representation to the Southwest Economic Research Institute), and Yu has separately notified him by commercial telegram. Wang Zhaocheng and Bi Xianghui both graduated from the Department of Agrochemistry of Tokyo Imperial University in Japan, the former was a technician in the Chongqing Commodity Inspection Bureau of the Ministry of Economy, and the latter was a researcher at the Southwest Institute of Economic Construction. After Wang and Bi came to the school, they served as the directors of the laboratory department and the economic department of the tea industry research office, respectively, and they had a lot of power to promote the research and promotion of the Fudan tea industry.
On October 10, 1940, Wu Juenong replied to Li Lianggong to continue consultations on matters related to the department of tea industry, mainly involving two aspects. First, the teachers and salaries, "Professor Liu Qingyunjun must go to the Trade Commission to concurrently serve as the section chief, and cannot go to the school for a while." Professors Wang Zhaocheng and Bi Xianghui went to Beibei to manage and move, and then demanded payments, both of which were required to be paid from September. All the brothers and sisters were cold soldiers, and since they came to help, they refused to do so, and the principal of the beggar business tried to agree. Associate Professor Zhu Xuezeng returned the letter of appointment to the University on the grounds that he had been hired by the School of Geosciences, but if necessary, he could concurrently serve as a researcher. The matter will be discussed after the brother arrives at the school. "The ministry of the current production system has failed to open the school, resulting in total emptiness; if it is concurrently held by the Chinese tea technicians, it will affect the entire academic affairs." The late brother intends to mention two other people as lecturers, one is Zhang Zhicheng, the other is Zhang Tangheng (resume is attached separately), both of them have considerable knowledge and experience in cultivation and manufacturing, which can be coped with, please transfer the business principal to decide to be a lotus (after the decision, when the decision is made, the tea business is transferred again). "The second is to purchase books, instruments, specimens, etc. needed for teaching and scientific research:" Mr. Shouyicheng of China Tea generously allowed to remit 10,000 yuan, which has been taken from Chen Wenjiejun and transferred to the company. If the Digest requires money, it can also be partially paid in the revised paragraph. Other medicines and small instruments may also be paid for here. "There are still a number of books that can be purchased from the Longmen Bookstore in Wencheng, Commerce, Zhonghua, etc., for the reference of the multi-transfer students, in the production system and laboratory parts, the brother also allows colleagues to buy as much as possible, hoping to transfer the payment of the brother to the dutch." "Teaching assistants Zhuang Ren and Xu Yuxi are still staying in this office, collecting specimens and teaching materials, and planning to send Zhuang Jun to Jinfoshan to investigate tea varieties, and at the end of the month, they can join hands to come to school." In addition to the company's considerable convenience, if there is a necessary amount of contingency, it will be reimbursed to the school in the future. Wu Juenong considered the development of the tea industry department, all of which were to the point, and judging from Wu Nanxuan's handwritten approval on the letter, he was also extremely in favor of the articles, and asked Li Lianggong to quickly follow the instructions of the two departments of academic affairs and general affairs.
It is worth mentioning that while Wu Juenong is working hard for tea education, its obvious progressive color is increasingly intolerable to the Kuomintang authorities. In order to cover Luo Shengwu's underground party identity, Wu Juenong rescued him from Hunan and arranged for him to teach Chinese in Fudan for tea industry students. He also often discussed the situation with Qian Junrui and other Communist Party members in his dormitory, Daxi Villa, the Tea Company. The political situation became increasingly dangerous, and Wu Juenong immediately covered qian Junrui's way through Hong Kong to the location of the New Fourth Army in northern Jiangsu, and he was also ready to leave Chongqing. On February 4, 1941, Wu Juenong sent a letter to Wu Nanxuan's codex Zhongyun: "Zidi has a trip to the southeast, and the allowance for all group directors and research office directors should be stopped from February onwards." After Wu Juenong led a group of technicians from China Tea Company to Wuyishan, Fujian Province, the tea group section was once presided over by Bi Xianghui, and Then Hu Haochuan and Yao Chuanfa successively succeeded as directors.
**Characteristics of Fudan Tea Education
In the summer of 1940, fudan university completed the enrollment of the tea industry group in Chongqing, Sichuan, Hengyang, Hunan, and Lishui, Zhejiang. Due to the extremely poor transportation during the war, the first 66 new students (36 in the tea industry group and 30 in the tea industry specialization department) arrived at the school one after another by taking the shed trucks of the China Tea Company's local offices, and officially registered for the opening of the school in October. The first and second grades of the tea industry group study the basic disciplines of agriculture, including the general theory of botany, the general theory of zoology, the chemistry of the agricultural academy, agricultural economics, the introduction to agriculture and other courses, the third and fourth grades in addition to the study of industrial and commercial science, is committed to the practical study of tea, the main courses are tea making, tea cultivation, introduction to crop science, genetics, tea inspection and grading, tea disease, plant pathology, tea factory management, tea trade and other courses. In the autumn of 1942, the first batch of tea industry professional training graduates, a total of 27 people, most of whom were assigned jobs by the China Tea Company. The first tea industry group graduated in 1944 with a total of 26 people. Judging from the "Fudan University Graduation Qualification Review Form" that has survived, 15 of them were recruited to participate in the U.S. military translation in the first half of 1944, and graduated as translators, and only more than ten people stayed in the school.
Group photo of the graduation of the first tea major in Fudan in June 1942
From the very beginning, the Tea Industry Group Of Fudan University has been the product of "academic enterprise and enterprise academicization". After the establishment of the tea industry group in the second year, two-thirds of the recurrent fees, research fees and other items are generally allocated before the beginning of each semester. From the perspective of the "balance of income and expenditure comparison table" from 1941 to 1943 alone, the China Tea Company allocated a current fee of 200,000 yuan per year. In 1943, another tea industry research office was set up to reward the company, and the China Tea Company allocated 10,000 yuan per year. The Tea Industry Research Office Symposium holds a paper contest or special report once a month, and the top three prizes are selected each time. Sixty percent of the funds are supplemented with incentives, and 40 percent are subsidized for miscellaneous expenses such as meeting refreshments and lamp oil. In June 1944, due to the complete failure of the China Tea Company due to personnel corruption, it was rescinded and merged into the Fuxing Company, and the contract between Fudan and the China Tea Company was terminated, and the tea industry group stopped enrolling. Since then, Fudan has independently recruited tea industry specialists.
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Fudan Tea Industry Organized Section insisted on carrying out higher tea education and cultivating urgently needed tea industry talents for the country and localities. The Tea Industry Section pays special attention to field visits. Sichuan originally belonged to the birthplace of Tea in China, and was not inferior to that produced in Xiang, Gansu, Fujian, Zhejiang and Anhui. However, there is fresh tea production near Beibei in Chongqing, and it is difficult to reach the harvesting stage after seven or eight years of operation and planting on the university campus. In 1941 and 1942, the Tea Industry Group arranged for students to go to Bayue Mountain in Tongliang County for production internship. From the spring of 1943, due to the small number of raw materials for copper beams, the local houses and tea-making equipment were not enough, so he organized students to go to Nanchuan and Western Sichuan for internship and inspection. The Nanchuan tea area is larger, and the Jinfoshan Reclamation Area of the General Bureau of Reclamation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry can be conveniently obtained. At the end of March 1943, under the personal leadership of Director Hu Haochuan, the first-year students of the Tea Industry Department and the third-grade tea industry group took a ship from Beibei to Chongqing, then to Mudong, walked through Fengfeng, Baishajing, Guanyin Bridge, and walked all the way to nanchuan internship site to inspect tea cultivation, tea manufacturing, tea factories, tea distribution and improvement. Hu Haochuan also wrote the "Report of the Nanchuan Tea Making Internship Group of National Fudan University" in Nanchuan, reporting the internship process to the then president Zhang Yi by mail, and the eleventh report on April 16, 1943 said: "According to the audit schedule, we should leave for the school on the nineteenth." If the weather is good and the raw materials are easy to buy, it is planned to be postponed for two or three days to enhance the efficiency of the internship, and then another call will be requested. "It takes five days to travel from Beibei to Nanchuan, the internship funds are limited, and the delay in returning to the school must be consulted with the school in time." The actual expenditure of Nanchuan internship reached more than 110,000 yuan, exceeding the advance of more than 30,000 yuan, and was reimbursed by the China Tea Company project.
In the spring of 1944, professor Qu Zhongxiang led a team to form a delegation of the West Sichuan Tea Industry Group to study the actual operation of the tea industry. "Forty-eight of us, Mr. Qu, dozens of pieces of luggage, hundreds of pieces of scattered hanging bags, filled the big truck of China Tea without compromise. We are like an expeditionary army, each inspired by the long-term vision of Xi Tea, full of joy, all unconcerned, when we hold the 'license' - the pass is mighty through Aoki Pass, how suitable is the spring breeze in front of us. (See "Return to Xi" published in the "Chuanxi Tea Industry Internship Special Number" in 1944) "Judging from the "Chuanxi Apprenticeship Roadmap" drawn by Qu Zhongxiang, the teachers and students went from Chongqing to Guanxian county through Neijiang and Chengdu, and then returned to Chengdu to investigate the production and sales of flower tea, and then to Qionglai, Mingshan, Ya'an, Xinjin, Emei, Leshan, and finally from Leshan to Chongqing Beibei via Neijiang, which lasted a whole month. Where the tea markets and tea factories in the larger tea gardens are observed by all the students, the scattered tea industry organizations are investigated in the form of group visits. To have such a long-distance tea internship in wartime can be described as a pioneering achievement in the history of Tea Education in China.
In addition to teaching internships, the activities of science students in the tea industry group are also quite rich. On May 18, 1941, all the students of the group established the Tea Industry Society of Fudan University in the Beibei Huangjueshu Youth Tea Society, which was divided into six units: general affairs, communication, academic, recreation, affairs, and clerical affairs, and Wang Kechang of the 1940 tea industry group was responsible for general affairs and Zhang Xuanhua was responsible for academics. The Tea Industry Association often holds teacher-student symposiums and academic lectures to collect information on the tea industry and study various issues related to the tea industry, and publish tea industry publications. Under the guidance of Wu Juenong, Hu Haochuan, Qu Zhongxiang and Yao Chuanfa, the Society published a number of agricultural journals, including the "Journal of the Tea Industry" (Bibli) on the writings and translations of the tea industry by members of the special issues, and the journal "Raw Grass", which focuses on topics such as tea breeding, tea modernization and the economic positioning of the tea industry. In addition, there are various types of internship records, such as in 1942, after the return of teachers and students from Tongliang internship, he compiled a volume of "Tongliang Tea Making Practice Record", including Hu Haochuan's "Tea Art Talk Baye", Qu Zhongxiang's "Tea Name Is Still Undecided", Chen Wangdao's "Tea Talk", Miao Yu paste's "Chinese Tea Tree Pest Problem" and other articles; and for example, after returning to school in 1944, more than 40 students of the Tea Industry Society collectively wrote and printed the "Chuanxi Tea Industry Internship Special Number", which included "Tea Industry in Guanxian County", "Tea Bricks at China Tea Music Station", and "Tea Bricks in China Tea Music Station". Chengdu tea industry sales overview" "homecoming Xi" four long articles.
In 1944, the sixth issue of the journal of the Tea Industry Society of Fudan University, Raw Grass
As for the teachers, it also shows the characteristics of comprehensive universities and industrial departments jointly running schools. It can be seen from the subject list of the spring semester of 1940 that "Agricultural College Chemistry" and "Soil and Fertilizer Science" were taught by Wang Zhaocheng, "Agricultural Economy" was taught by Bi Xianghui, "Tea Cultivation" was taught by Zhang Zhicheng, and "Introduction to the Tea Industry" was taught by Wu Juenong and Zhang Tangheng, a young lecturer. In addition to full-time teachers, the department also hired well-known professors from outside the university to teach courses concurrently, such as the above-mentioned Liu Qingyun, although he resigned from Fudan, he later taught "Tea Administration and Policy" as an adjunct professor, Zheng Zizheng of the Meteorological Research Institute of the Academia Sinica taught "Meteorology", and Yang Kaidao, an expert of the Commission, taught "Tea Geography". On the other hand, the tea industry group makes full use of Fudan's original teaching staff. Especially since Fudan was changed to the state in January 1942, the entire school has been much more well-funded than before, and a number of famous scholars have been hired to teach, which has also added a lot of bright colors to the teachers of fudan tea industry group. In 1943, on the list of teachers of the tea industry group of the National Fudan University, we can see many famous teachers serving as courses in the tea industry group, such as Qian Chongshu's lecture on "Plant Physiology", Chen Enfeng's "Soil and Fertilizer Science", and Li Fan's "Statistics" course. Qian Chongshu went to Fudan in 1942 as a professor of biology and concurrently served as the dean of the College of Agriculture, he attached importance to field internships when teaching, and led students to the field once a week, which was widely praised by students. These famous teachers have prescribed many important courses for the students of the College of Agriculture, and have played a key role in improving the teaching quality of the tea industry group.
In particular, in addition to teaching, teachers also pay great attention to research. In the autumn of 1940, when the Tea Industry Group was established, a tea industry research laboratory was set up. The researchers are professors of the Tea Industry Group and scholars who are well-versed in the tea industry, and in addition to trying to contribute to the academic aspects of the tea industry, they also lead the organization of students' study. The research room is divided into three parts: one is the production department, which is engaged in the experiment of tea industry production; the second is the laboratory department, which is engaged in the chemical experimental research of tea; and the third is the ministry of economy, which is engaged in the investigation and research of the economic administration and policy of the tea industry. The laboratory is also equipped with a small experimental tea farm and a tea laboratory. In 1942, the production department imitated six kinds of teas such as green tea, Mao Feng, plum slices, Longjing, Gyokuro and black tea in Tongliang, with color and fragrance, and the local goods were not inferior to those of the upper and middle levels. At the same time, it focuses on the fermentation of black tea, attaches importance to laboratory analysis methods, and pays attention to the degree of fermentation and water color of black tea in the manufacturing process. At that time, scientific research was also quite wartime, such as laboratory testing, mainly using waste tea, extracting tea as theophyll, denim, to help the needs of wartime medicines, and at the same time trying to produce powder tea, crystal tea, tea paste and tea soda to save the wartime transportation difficulties. In particular, the tea paste manufacturing research presided over by Wang Zhaocheng, director of the laboratory department, because the tea paste can refresh the mind and help digestion, and it is easy to carry, which is a necessity for the Air Force.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Fudan returned to Shanghai from Chongqing, and the tea industry specialization continued to recruit new students, and the director was Wang Zenong. Until the adjustment of faculties in 1952, the three departments of agronomy, horticulture and agrochemistry of Fudan Agricultural College were moved to Shenyang, and the tea industry specialization department was moved to Wuhu and merged into the College of Agriculture of Anhui University, and then the College of Agriculture was moved to Hefei independently (now Anhui Agricultural University), and the tea college was changed to a four-year tea industry department. Since Fudan founded the Tea Industry Group and the Tea Industry Specialty Department in 1940, it has continued for a full 80 years and has become one of the oldest tea industry majors in the history of the country.
In a considerable period of time, Fudan's tea industry group has been almost forgotten, although recently there have been researchers to discuss, but few words, some basic historical facts are not clear, so here on the relevant historical materials slightly combed, I hope to "Fudan tea people" in the beacon years of the creation of the historical sites have been corrected.
Author : Chen Qiming (Fudan University Archives)
Editor: Yu Ying
Editor-in-Charge: Ren Siyun
Source: Wenhui
*Wenhui exclusive manuscript, please indicate the source when reprinting.