Pirates are a kind of thief name that we often hear today, they are mainly active on the sea, plundering passing merchant ships sailing on the sea, and occasionally ganging up to plunder the coastal inland, it is really impossible to ignore the dangers of this force in the world's waters. The most rampant era of Chinese pirates should be in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, so when did the climate of piracy in China be counted? Most of the historical records believe that it should be counted from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was a relatively chaotic period, and there were many uprisings, including Sun En, the leader of a peasant rebel army, who led the uprising known as the "beginning of the Central Plains Haikou" in China. ”
The pirates of the world draw a picture
I. Brief introduction to Sun En's history:
Sun En, whose date of birth is unknown, committed suicide in 402 AD; he himself was Lingxiu, a native of Linyi, Langya (present-day Linyi, Shandong Province), of Han ethnicity, from the Western Jin Dynasty chancellor Sun Xiu' clan; Sun Xiu, attached to Sima Lun and was good at planning, using divisive tactics to depose the crown prince Sima Su (yù), kill empress Jia Nanfeng, and support Sima Lunden's great merits in the throne; but was soon killed in the famous "Rebellion of the Eight Kings". Sun En, who was born in this Langya Sun clan, had believed in Wudoumi Taoism for generations, and his family belonged to the "inferior clan of scholars living in Jiangzuo", and his uncle Sun Tai learned secret arts from Du Zigong, a Daoist priest of Wudoumi, and later succeeded him as the master of Wudoumi Taoism, who once worked for Sima Daozi, the king of Huiji, and because he preached everywhere, he had tens of thousands of followers in the vast area of the south.
Taoist Celestial Master Zhang Daoling
Sun Tai saw the rebellious generals in various parts of the Eastern Jin Dynasty rebelling one after another, and he also had the idea of rebelling and becoming the hero, but before the matter was successful, he was killed by Sima Daozi, and his nephew Sun En fled to the island area (present-day Zhoushan Islands), and many Wudou Mi Daoist sect members thought that Sun Tai was a "cicada degenerate dengxian" and ran to the island to defect to Sun En, who became the new Wudou Mi Daoist leader, gathered hundreds of people, and waited for the opportunity to kill back for revenge.
Portrait of Sun En
II. Introduction to Wudoumi Taoism:
It is said that Wudoumi Taoism belongs to the Tianshi Dao founded by the Daoist zhang ling in the Eastern Han Dynasty, zhang ling is the famous Taoist zhang daoling who called himself Taishang Laojun, who founded the wudoumi taoism in The Ming Mountains of Sichuan. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Jiao of Taiping Province led the Yellow Turban Rebellion, and Zhang Xiu, the leader of a rebel army in Hanzhong, belonged to the Wudou Midao Uprising, and they eventually failed under the siege and hunting of various forces.
Zhangjiao Yellow Turban Army revolted
At that time, the Zhang Lu clique, which dominated the Hanzhong region for more than twenty years in the later period, was the power of the unity of The Taoist religion and government of Wudoumi, Zhang Lu was a descendant of Zhang Liang, a famous strategist of the Western Han Dynasty, and also the grandson of Zhang Daoling, who killed Zhang Xiu and annexed his people, and led the Wudou Mi Daozhong to form the Hanzhong clique, and was later attacked by Cao Cao's army, and Zhang Lu was difficult to resist and led the crowd to surrender to Cao Cao. Its five-bucket rice road basically did not suffer much loss, and it was able to continue to spread among the people.
Portrait of Zhang Lu from the Three Kingdoms period
Sun En took the opportunity to revolt and swept inland:
In 399 AD, Sima Yuanxian, the son of Sima Daozi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, enlisted the vast number of people who had become tenants because of the three Wu Gate Valves' exemption from official slave status, entered the health and enrichment of the soldiers, and aroused the anger and dissatisfaction of the local door valves; Sun En, who was hiding the crowd of islands, took advantage of the unstable people's hearts, raised a banner to lead the troops to attack Shangyu, and then conquered Huiji, and the hidden Wudou Rice Dao crowd gathered in response, and Sun Enbu instantly reached tens of thousands of people.
Sun En's uprising draws a picture
Sun En's rebellion was together, many counties and counties had five buckets of rice Daozhong corresponding, three Wu and eight counties were temporarily opposed, and the influence of Sun En's rebellion quickly expanded to hundreds of thousands of people. Sun En, according to shouhui, called himself the general of Zhengdong and changed a title to the congregation "Changshengren"; but this guy had no political brains, and although he had the idea of overthrowing the rule of the Jin Dynasty, he did not have the lofty ideal ambition of kingly rule, let alone the people's feelings and people's concerns, and purely used Taoism to fool the congregations into following the trouble. After becoming powerful, Sun En first ordered the killing of dissidents, that is, those who did not belong to the Wudou Taoism became enemies, causing a large number of deaths, even infants and young children.
Sun En's chaotic drawing
Sun En's rebellious forces killed Eastern Jin officials, robbed materials and wealth, kidnapped and coerced the common people, and even frightened and deceived the people to believe in the Five Buckets of Rice Road. Such a huge rebellion must have alarmed the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and they sent Shi Xieyan from Xuzhou and the Zhenbei general Liu Jiaozhi to lead an army to suppress it. Sun En originally wanted to take advantage of the situation to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but he did not expect that Liu Gaozhi's army would soon advance into the Qiantang River, sun En's ambitions shrank at once, and he wanted to form a territory according to the Shouhui Ji and rely on the Qiantang River; but Liu Chengzhi quickly crossed the river, and Sun En's rabble-rousers were difficult to resist, so they had to retreat to the island with 200,000 people; along the way, they discarded a lot of gold, silver, property, and young men and women, causing chaos to hinder Liu Chengzhi's pursuit, in order to buy time to escape.
Portrait of Liu Prison
In May of the following year, Sun En, again led the crowd to attack Huankou, entered Yuyao, broke Shangyu, and suffered a defeat at Xingpu; after advancing to Huiji, Xie Yan, who was defending the city, was killed in battle, and Sun En took advantage of the situation to attack Linhai; the Jin Dynasty Tang hurriedly sent generals to encircle and suppress, and although Sun En also achieved some victories, he was defeated by Liu Gaozhi's army at the end of the year, and had to flee back to the island. After a few months of siege in the island area and lacking material support, Sun En, who was trapped in the island area, led his people to attack Huankou and attackEdu Zhang, but before he could fight, he was attacked by Liu Gaozhi, so he had to retreat back to the island first; after a month, he led the crowd to land and attack Haiyan, and was defeated by Liu Yubu and turned to attack Hudu, and then arrived at Jingkou by water in an attempt to capture the health of the Eastern Jin Dynasty Beijing Division; Liu Yu led his army to pursue Dantu, and beat Sun En's troops with fewer victories and more fiercely, and Sun En'en boarded the ship and fled.
Yutaka Yui Images
After the integration of men and horses, Sun En's self-sustaining people were more healthy after all, Sima Yuanxian led his troops to fight many unfavorable battles, but various reinforcements besieged him, sun En had to give up retreating north to Yuzhou; after winning the victory over Gao's sub-department, he encountered Liu Yu's army attack, successive battles ended in failure, the losses were heavy losses and strength was sharply reduced, Sun En quickly fled south along the coast, Liu Yu led his army to track and pursue, and defeated Sun En in Shanghai, and Sun En fled back to the sea island area. In 402 AD, there was a power dispute and chaos within the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Sun En took the opportunity to lead his troops again, but suffered another defeat in Linhai.
Sun En failed to commit suicide by jumping into the sea
Sun En's first rebellion gathered the trapped congregations, suffered heavy losses in one defeat after another, and fled back to the island in an isolated and difficult to develop situation. In the end, this attack was again defeated, the centaurs were killed or scattered and only a few thousand people were left, in the face of the encirclement and suppression of the official army, Sun En's return to heaven was powerless, and he simply threw himself into the sea for improper captivity; hundreds of concubines and believers who believed in him around him followed him to death; his brother-in-law Lu Xun led the remaining five buckets of rice Taoist believers to persist in the struggle, and continued to fight for nearly ten years before being completely suppressed by the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Lu Xun led his troops to continue to fight
Summary: Sun En's and Lu Xun's uprising based on the Wudou Rice Daoist masses, also known as one of the peasant uprisings, dealt a fierce blow to the feudal ruling dynasty of the Eastern Jin Dynasty; but it did not have the political program of the uprising, did not have a legitimate banner, and did not have the correct ideological dissemination and strategy for expansion and growth; only by relying on some Taoist doctrines, and some deification superstitions and foolish methods to gather the masses to rebel, that is, to gain temporary support in the chaotic era of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and did not form a climate burning trend, mainly because the leader Sun En's own talent and wisdom were insufficient. Vision is generally lacking, and the ideals of life are limited by low levels. Sun En's Taoist enslavement bound some people's minds, took the opportunity to advance inland plunder, suffered defeat and immediately fled back to the island, this way of fighting, environmental restrictions and speculation, became the main mode of behavior of pirates in later generations; therefore, the Sun En's uprising is also known as the beginning of the Central Plains Haikou. What do you think? Welcome to exchange! (Picture from the network, thanks for borrowing)
Sun En and Lu Xun drew a picture of the uprising
Original author @ Lobbyist Mr. dys123 loves a complex, a middle way, a brief history, a cultural talk, welcome to communicate, and a fun life.
Reference book: Book of Jin.