In 1999, in Yanshi Mall, Henan, the remains of a large-scale stone pool were found. The main purpose of the stone pool is not to provide domestic water, because there are many wells near the palace building, people can draw well water nearby, and many wells have been found near the remains of the pool, which are the same age as the pool, and a large number of pottery for drawing water has been unearthed in the well. And on the south bank of the pool, the remains of waterfront buildings were found. It can be seen that this is a pool garden for the entertainment of the emperors of the Shang Dynasty. Whether the stone pool is a "wine pool", because the excavation is a relic, the liquid in the pool has long disappeared, and the archaeological community cannot be sure. Looking for clues from the documents of the past generations, the direct evidence of the "wine pool" can be described as a rare corner. If you examine the ancient drinking customs of the human hand answer, it is directly clear.
First of all, let's talk about wine, Xu Shen's "Explanation of Words" explains "wine", "just also." Therefore, in terms of the good and evil of human nature, "the creation of the auspicious murder" is not a literary drama. Mencius Departs from Lou Xia: "Yu evil will drink wine, but good words." And "Warring States Strategy, Wei Ce II": "In the past, the emperor made Yi Di beautiful as wine, entered The Yu, yu drank and was willing, and expelled Yi Di, and the wine was desperate; If it is said that Yu Shang was able to make his own and "absolutely forbidden wine", there were many people who indulged in alcohol and indulgence in later generations, and the most well-known ones were none other than Jie and Shu, and there are many records in the history books.
"History of Yin Benji": "(Di Xin) made great pleasures in the sand dunes, using wine as a pond and county meat as a forest, so that men and women would chase each other each other and drink for the long night." Zhang Shoujie's "History of Justice" quotes "Taigong Liutao": "For the sake pond, back to the ship and the bad hill, and the cattle drinkers are three dry and more people." Other canonical histories also followed up and reprinted his words, such as the "Book of Jin Dynasty and Food Goods": "Hanging meat into a forest, accumulating mash into a swamp, so that men and women naked in between, more than 3,000 cattle drinkers in the wine pool." In the Han Dynasty, it began to go backwards, and the "wine pool" was associated with Xia Jie. For example, book IV of the "Han Shi Wai Biography": "The pond of wine can be transported by boat, and the bad hill is enough to look ten miles, and the cattle drinker is three thousand." Liu Xiang's "Biography of the Daughters of Lie" Volume VII "Biography of the Evil Concubine": Xia Jie and his favorite concubine sister like to drink, and there is no rest, "for the wine pool can be transported by boat, a drum and cattle drinkers three thousand people, weak head and drink in the wine pool." As a result, the connection between the "wine pond" and xia jie in later generations was gradually fixed, such as the "Biography of Song Shi Xiahou Jiazheng": "The jiuchi is trapped in the wine pool." Xia Jie and Shang Yi, how similar they are, both "take wine as a pool." The Book of Jin, The Eighteenth Chronicle of The Eighteenth Chronicle, duan Zhuo discusses the combination of 桀 and 纣: "Xia Yan is placed in Mingtiao, and Shang Xin is in Muye, the lord of all saints, and the kingdom is destroyed, and it is impossible to belong to Ren Xianxiang, with the words of women, absurd and unscrupulous, wanton and silent, making pleasures of silence, drinking in the long night, so he climbs the bad hill, near the wine pond, watches the cattle drink, and looks at the meat forest." From the above combing, it can be seen that "wine pond" as a historical fact, the earliest is the deeds of Shang Yi, and the same as a typical Xia Jie of the subjugation of the country, has long been called together with Shang Yi, so from the Western Han Dynasty, "Wine Pond" and Xia Jie have been associated.
"The drinkers of the ancients will be in groups", and there was indeed a custom of drinking in groups in ancient times. Examining the ancient customs of clothing and food, the Book of Rites and Fortunes must not fail to read: "At the beginning of the ceremony, the food began, and its burnt porpoise, sweat and bad drink, and the gourd and the earth drum, as if it could be made to worship the ghosts and gods." Zheng Xuan's note: "Khan Zun, chisel the ground for Zun Ye." Bad drinks, hand-to-hand also. Here, it is necessary to examine the meaning of the words "Khan", "Huan" and "Intercept". "Explanation of Words": "Khan, Maoye." One Day: 'The small pool is sweating. "Gou Zi Tian": "The field is evil, and the people are hungry." "Gou Zi Fu Guo": "If the field is barren, it is not half of the truth." It can be seen from this that "Mao" and "interception" are connected. Liu also explained to the "Nine Sighs and Life" that "love is pure and reckless", and the confrontation between "Huan" and "purity" should be interpreted as "filthy". Moreover, "葳" and "辕" (秽) are the same in musical notes, and the meaning of the words is also the same as the original. The two interpretations of "Khan, Shigeya" and "Koike for Khan" here can actually be invented by each other. Ancient ancestors chiseled the ground as a pond, or sought a natural water source for drinking water. Zhang Shoujie's "Justice" quotes Su Lin: "Chen Liu custom, March on the sun, water diet for the sake of sugar." Zong Yi 's Chronicle of the Jing Chu Dynasty's Chronicles': "The first day is obscure to the moon, and it is for the gathering of food; the warriors and women are boating, or the water is feasting." "Reflect the dietary legacy of the ancient people where they gathered at the water source." It can be proved that the "small pond is sweat" in the "Sayings", and its water must contain sediment, so it is turbid, so it is called "sweat, and it is also called "sweat" (菝) also". In primitive times, people dug pits in the ground to hold "wine" as wine and drink it with their hands, so they were bound to drink it in groups. Moreover, "Khan respects bad drinking", at first he drank water rather than wine, because the "fruit of grass and trees" and "the flesh of birds and beasts" obtained by the ancestors were not enough to feed their stomachs, and they also had to "drink their blood and rue their hair" to fill their hunger, at this time it was impossible to talk about using surplus food to make wine, so those who "sweated and drank bad" were water instead of wine. "Fortune": "After the saint has made... Thought it was a liquor. "Li" is wine, "Shuowen": "Li, wine for a night, also." In ancient times, according to the turbidity of wine, it was divided into five grades, called "Five Qi", "Zhou Li": "(JiuZheng) Distinguishes the names of the five Qi: one is Pan Qi, the second is Li Qi, the third is Anqi, the fourth is Ti Qi, and the fifth is Shen Qi. "According to Zheng Xuan's note, the liquor above is particularly turbid, and the angsi below is clear." "Li" belongs to a turbid wine with a sweet and sweet taste, and is an early variety of wine. It can be seen that with the development of the times (increased productivity, more surplus products), people began to make "lime cheese".
It is assumed that after the production of wine, the custom of drinking together by the ancestors will not disappear suddenly, but will be more or less left in the customs, which is the characteristic of social customs. "Etiquette and Ritual Instruments": "Three generations of rituals are one, and the people are from it... Zhou Travel paid six corpses, Zeng Zi said: 'Zhou Liqi Yu And!'" Zheng Xuan's note: "Drinking alcohol for money is a drink." "Chronicle of the Chronicle of Cargo Colonization": "When I was old, there was no sacrifice to enter the temple. The "Sayings" of the testimony is also in line with the fact that "you can drink alcohol". The "醵" recorded in many documents is the custom left over from the primitive era of "gathering and drinking" in later generations. In the human society of the primitive era, the ancestors, under the domination of the primitive communist concept, lived in the same cave and shared the food equally, so the drinking group would be grouped. In ancient times, there was no wine, so those who "sweated and drank badly" must be water. After the wine is produced, this custom still exists, but the drinker is easy to drink, so there is a group drinking style. In the primitive era, people chiseled the ground for respect, holding and drinking in their hands, and in later generations, there were also cases of chiseled land holding wine and drinking in groups, but with the change of the times, the primitive customs gradually faded and deformed. The "wine as a pool" is nothing more than inheriting this legacy, relying on the royal power, so that people can expand the small pit into a large pond to fulfill their desires. Therefore, the saying of "wine pool" is not a fiction, and the reality of its group drinking has its own origins.
Our ancestors drank alcohol, and there was a custom of "drinking with water". "Drinking with water" is related to the ancient "Xuanjiu" culture. If you read the Book of Rites, you will find that there is a reference to "Xuanjiu" many times. For example, the Book of Rites and Fortunes reads, "The old Xuanjiu is in the room, the liquor is in the household, the Lu Dian is in the hall, and the Chengjiu is underneath", and the "Jade Algae" "All dignitaries will go to the Xuanjiu." Only the king is honored, only the wild people are wine" and many other places appear. What is "玄"? "Xuan, Xuanbu", "Xuan, Far Away", "XuanJiu" is the ancient wine. The ancients believed that water was matched with Xuan (black) colors, and the Shi Ji Qin Shi Huang Benji recorded that "the first emperor pushed the legend of the five virtues ... The beginning of Fang JinShuide... The clothes are beautiful, and the flags are black." The older the times, the closer the wine is to the water. It is conceivable that the so-called "drinking" of the ancient people is no different from drinking water, so the "Xuanjiu" of life is just right. "Etiquette and Fortune" sentence "The old Xuanjiu is in the room". Kong Yingda has a sparse proof of "Xuan wine, called water also." With its black color, it is called Xuan, and the great ancient has no wine, and this water is used as wine, so it is called Xuan wine." It is also common sense to sacrifice ancestors with the "wine" (i.e., water) of the ancestors. Later generations put xuanjiu, and there is deep meaning. "Etiquette and Ritual Instruments" "Those who are also regents, who oppose the original and cultivate the ancients, do not forget the beginning", and "The Village Drinking Righteousness" Yun "Respects the Xuanjiu, and the people do not forget the Benye", it can be seen that the Xuanjiu is set up without drinking, in order to think of the ancient past. The "Righteousness of Township Drinking" also says: "Respect the question in the room, and the guest and the host are also together." Honorable and noble, precious and its quality also. It can be seen from this that the ancients often drank with Xuanjiu next to them, and Xuanjiu must be placed in a dignified position, reflecting respect for the ancestors, so "Xuanjiu is in the room" and "Chengjiu is under". Also "Etiquette and Music": "The gift of great food." Shang Xuan wine and fishy fish, big soup discord, there is a lingering taste. It is therefore the liturgy of the first kings, not with the desire of the extreme mouth and ears, but with the religion of the people to be good and evil, and against the righteousness of humanity. Advocating the original principle of "Xuanjiu", deep righteousness exists. Think of the humor of the past, remember the hardships of the ancestors to start a business, in order to show that they do not forget the roots.
In addition, "Xuanjiu" (i.e., water) has more practical value and can be used to save the thickness of wine. Read Wang Guowei's Guan Guan
Tang Ji Lin Said: "The King of Gaigu is dedicated, and all are knights." And the great lord, who is eternal to the number of liters, and he who must drink, lily. Those who can drink it or cannot drink it, the amount also. The kings did not want to fail in the ceremony, nor did they want people to suffer from the ceremony. Therefore, it is for the sake of wine to be saved. Lü Simian's "History of the Chinese System and Diet": "The amount of drinking of man is different, and the lord of reciprocity, if the size is the same, the Ming will also drink with water, and then his etiquette will also be feasible." From the perspective of the possibility of etiquette, the two gentlemen argued the necessity and possibility of the existence of the ancient "and drinking water". As the Zhou Li Tianguan Tsukasa Zai records, "sake is right" and "the thickness of the wine is in the palm of its hand". In ancient times, there were "cups", which were in the shape of long streams, hammers, covers, round mouths, deep abdomens, and three legs, which were used to "purify" with water. For the ancients, wine was not only sacrificed to the deceased. More can bless the living. Wine has long been used in the form of an irrigation offering to the ancestor gods. "Zhou Li Tianguan And Wine People" "The wine people are held in the palm of the five Qi and three wines, and the sacrifices are shared"; the "Poetry Classic, Shang Song, Liezu" "both contain Qing Xi, Zhao I think of it". He Wei "酤"? "Shuowen Youbu 酤" "酤, Yi Shu Jiu Ye"; "Shijing Shang Song Liezu" Zheng Xuan's note "Both the sake is offered naked in the bottle, and when the gods come, I use what I think of Qi." Naked, "Shuwen Shibu Nu" "irrigation sacrifice also"; and "Shangshu Luohuan" has a saying that "the king entered the room naked", Kong Yingda Shuo "Wang Yigui drank the wine of the yu yu to sacrifice the corpse (author's note: According to the "Funeral Ceremony of the Rites", "corpse" is a living person who performs sacrifices in place of the deceased in the sacrifice), and the corpse is sacrificed and poured on the ground, because it is not drunk, it is called naked". The Book of Poetry, Wind, and July also has "For this spring sake, to introduce mei shou", indicating that people also use winter brewed spring wine to help prolong life. In the Book of Verses, where there is a celebration of a birthday, almost all of them are indispensable to wine. Because "wine" and "long" are harmonious, "toast" is also "wish for a long time". At that time, people regarded wine as having a unique medical value for health maintenance and prolongation. The Shijing Daya Xingwei (Poetry Sutra, Daya Xingwei) "Drink with a big bucket, pray for the yellow reed", and the "Sayings of the Textual Unitary Andi" can be corroborated: "Buttocks, heal the sick worker also." Beat, evil posture also. The nature of the buttocks is made of wine and from the unitary. Wang Yu said, "Beat the sick and drink, so the cure is also." 'The Zhou Li has medical wine. The ancient Wu Peng made his first buttocks. The ancient word "medicine" from the unitary department shows that wine does have the concept of medicinal value in the hearts of the ancients. And "罾" can be directly interpreted as a sweet wine made of porridge, "Zhou Li Tianguan Tsukasa Zai Jiuzheng" "distinguish four drinking things, one is clear, two is buttocks, three is pulp, and four is drunk." "Wine" itself has the function of nourishing qi, and the "Li Ji • Suburban Special Animals" "Where drinking, nourishing qi", here, the meaning of the ancients to cure diseases and maintain health with wine is very obvious.
From the ancient drinking vessel capacity, the custom of "drinking with water" is proved. "Wine" has the effect of nourishing qi. Drinking in moderation can indeed invigorate blood circulation and improve longevity and nourish qi. If you indulge in cow drinking and drunkenness, in addition to having an anesthetic effect, it is harmful to the body, but the ancient drinking apparatus has a large capacity. As far as the drinking vessel is concerned, there are many names such as Jue, Yao, 觯, Horn, Scatter, 觥, etc. Lord, needless to say, we are more familiar with it, and its shape is like a finch, such as "Zuo Chuan Zhuang Gong Twenty-one Years": "Duke Yu please instrument, Wang Yu's lord." 觚, "Shuowen Kakubu": "Yao, the lord of the township drinking wine "also" (here "jue" should be regarded as a generic name). One said: 'Those who receive three ascensions are called covetous.' "'觯,Shuowen Kakubu):'觯,乡酒角也(here ,'horn' is also a generic term).' The Liturgy says: 'One man washes the lifting of the bowels.' 'Four liters of praise', "觞, 觯實日觞,False Sun 觯". It can be seen that the "Shuowen" believes that yao is three liters and four liters. 觥, can be found in the "Shuowen Horns Touch": "Feeding, the horns of the bull can be drunk also... 觥, vulgar lin from the light. Therefore, the "Fourteenth Year of Zuo Chuan and Chenggong" quotes "The Poem says: 'Bear its words, and the purpose of wine is soft.'" "'Tested in the Book of Poetry, Xiao Ya · Sang Hu is: "兕觥其觫, the purpose of wine and softness." It can be seen that "vulgar unicorn from light" is also. And "The Book of Poetry, Feng Feng - July": "The gongtang of the other side, called the other man, the longevity of the boundless." "He is the greatest of the drinkers." The names of the scattered horns are found in the Book of Rites: "There are those who are precious in the small: the sacrifice of the Jongmyo Temple." The nobles offer their knighthoods, the untouchables offer their scatters; his Holiness raises his bows, and the lowly ones raise their horns. From this, it can be seen that the capacity of scatter should be greater than that of the lord, the capacity of the horn should be greater than that of the horn, and the scatter may be a false word for sin (old reading as "harvest").
Wang Guowei's "Guantang Jilin Yilin San, Speaking Deaf" believes: "The "Ritual" has the meaning of a scattered lord, which is the meaning of a miscellaneous lord. ...... Scattered Lords Jujutsu Miscellaneous Lords also. It is a loose name. "It can be seen that the scatter is a type of drinker with a larger capacity than the jue, yao, and qiao. These drinking utensils, most of which can be seen in museums, have a relatively large capacity, especially for the sake of clothing, scattering, and so on. And the ancient drinking ceremony, must be full of drinking as a respect, "Ceremony , Township Drinking Ceremony": "The master is really rewarding the guest." Zheng Xuan's note: "Drink yourself first, but drink the guest, for the reward." "Li Ji Yuzao": "The Lord of The King's Gift... The Knight of the Emperor was then knighted. Isn't there also the saying "do it first" now? It was originally a relic of ancient rites. Not only that, but in ancient times, there were also "travel gifts." "Ritual Rites and Yan Rites": "Guests are paid for their travels on the western steps." Zheng Xuan's note: "Brigade, preamble also." In order, doctor Qing was advised to drink. Such a large-capacity drinking vessel, coupled with the "pawn" and "卒觯", but also had to be drunk many times, with today's wine, but it is estimated that he had to be hospitalized on the spot. Therefore, the wine drunk in ancient times should be much lighter than the wine of the present world, and it is no wonder that even the Confucians, who have always been cautious in their words and deeds, also dared to say that the "Analects and Township Party" "only the wine is immeasurable, not chaotic", which shows that the alcohol content of wine at that time was very low.
In ancient times, wine was close to water, and the winemaking process in later generations was continuously improved, and its wine would become thicker, but its drinking vessel was still old, and there was no great change, so why should people be embarrassed? Therefore, from the capacity of ancient drinking utensils, it can be inferred that the ancients should have the means and methods to regulate wine, otherwise such a large dose of drinking is difficult for anyone to bear. The "Xuanjiu" (i.e., water) discussed above, in addition to representing the "wine" of the ancestors, its practical value is precisely used to resolve this contradiction and use "water" to regulate the thickness of "wine". "History of Cao Xiangguo's Family": "To the one who comes to drink alcohol." Yan Shigu's note: "The mellow one does not pour, it is called thick wine." The "alcoholic wine" mentioned here is not the "pure" wine referred to in later generations, but to the wine that is "not poured". This principle can also be clarified in the Context of the Sayings and the Notes to the Passages. "Speaking of the Textual Unitary Ministry": "Alcohol, do not pour wine also." Duan Yu cut note: "Pour, Ci also." Where wine, fertile with water is thin, not naked with water is mellow. "Sayonomi Mizube": "Pour, Tsitsa." Paragraph note: "Whoever pours it is thin." "Speaking of The Ministry of Water": "Izumi, irrigation also." From the water, the sound of puffs. The paragraph notes "Affiliation as Wo" and "Pouring Down Ri Wo from Above". From this, we can see that "drinking with water" does have a foundation. "Drink with water", try to use place names.
As for the origin of the name "Jiuquan", there is a saying that the famous Western Han general Huo Fuyi once poured the imperial wine given by Emperor Wu into the spring to feed the people. This statement is intended to show the riding pawn, and it can also be seen that the influence of the legacy of "drinking with water" can also be seen. The above has proved that the ancients "nourished themselves with wine", and the Book of Rites and throwing pots has even more: "(Si Shoot) ordered to drink, that is: 'Please do it.'" 'Discretionary Day:' No. 'When all drinkers kneel and offer their offerings. Day: 'Give irrigation.' The Day of the Victor's Kneeling: 'Respectfully. It is recorded here that although it is too stylized, the ancient ritual of throwing pots is indeed very common (impromptu question throwing game). If this activity is to be carried out in a reciprocating manner, the thickness of the wine must be moderated, otherwise those who drink repeatedly will not be able to overcome the power of wine, and the appearance of the tincture is even more undesirable to the ancients. The Book of Rites and Jade Algae records: "A gentleman's drinking is also sprinkled with color." The second lord said that the words were spoken, and the three lords were already three lords and the oil was withdrawn. Taking history as evidence, Liu Ji, a farmer of the Three Kingdoms wu da (si) once advised Sun Quan: "Although the great king killed the good soldiers after the lord, although he was guilty, who in the world knew about it?" (Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Wushu, Yu Translation) The appearance of the tincture, the ancients did not take, but large-capacity drinking utensils, ancient times did exist, how to solve the contradiction? Thus, by "drinking with water", wine becomes a drink to quench thirst, and drinking alcohol is almost drinking water. And the ancients regarded wine as a health and vitality thing, if it is in the middle of summer. The scorching sun and the heat are unbearable, so it is not surprising that people hold up cattle to drink, so the ancients' "alcohol" is often much larger than that of modern people. To this day, no one quenches their thirst with wine, and the ancients often have it. This was true in ancient times, and it was true even in the Song Dynasty.
The Water Margin often says "drinking" as "eating wine", and in the 16th episode of the Water Margin, chao gai people robbed the birthday class, that is, used wine mixed with anesthetics to lure Yang Zhi and other hot people: "Chao Gai and his party of seven people dressed up as jujube customers, pretended to say to the liquor seller: 'Seeing that you have not given tea soup, you have saved our thirst. The old man saw what the army said and said to Yang Zhiyan: 'The jujube merchant has bought him a barrel of wine to eat, and only this barrel. Randomly teach them to buy and eat some heat, and ask for water at the top of the gangzi. If the people of this world quench the thirst of those who have suffered heat stroke with wine, they are no different from putting out fires with a negative salary, but therefore the wine is not the other wine. Today's wine is all exquisite, can it be used to quench thirst? Moreover, in this world, there is no custom of "drinking with water", and there is no reason to save the thickness of wine. The degree of differentiation of sake in this world is for the selection of different amounts of sake. In ancient times, there was no precise measurement in the present world, and the degree was unknown and unknowable, which shows that "drinking with water" has the necessity of existence. By the Song Dynasty, wine had become more refined, and the use of wine to quench thirst still existed, which showed that the custom of "drinking with water" was still left behind. It can be seen that the custom of "drinking with water" has been left for a long time in ancient times. Due to the ancient custom of "drinking with water", the historical records record that xia jie and shang yi called "wine as a pool" were only pools of wine, not to mention that the early wine was almost water. As groups gather to drink wine, gather people to drink together, the number of people increases. In ancient times, the small pit of "sweating and drinking from the cup" went to the hands of The Emperor and the Emperor, relied on the royal power, exerted "creativity", and the small pit was chiseled and expanded into a large pond to fulfill his desires, and this is the historical truth of the "wine pond.". Elucidating the ancient custom of "drinking with water" can not only examine the history of the "wine pool", but also help to grasp the ancient wine culture. For example, the saying in the Book of Poetry, Xiao Ya Sang Shu, "兕觥其觫, the purpose of the wine and the gentleness of the mind", is easy for people to understand today. The ancients held large-capacity drinking vessels. Binge drinking is not drunk and anti-conscious nourishment.
In ancient times, there was a saying of "wine pond meat forest". There is a misunderstanding about the truth about the "sake pond". The so-called "wine as a pool" of Xia Jie and Shang Yi actually implies the relics of ancient drinking. Do you agree with that? #酒 #