"I'm a copper pea that can't be steamed, cooked, pounded, fried, and heard like a copper pea." This is the self-evaluation of "Qu Sheng" Guan Hanqing. As the greatest opera writer in our country, when we study history, we will all know that there is a definition of him, that is, he is a Yuan Dynasty man.
There are many versions of the time of Guan Hanqing's birth and death, and for the sake of convenience, we will take a time that is neutralized and widely recognized to expand the discussion, that is, he was born around 1230 and died around 1300. So the question is, the Yuan Dynasty was only established in 1271, does this mean that he was only 70 years old and did not live in the Yuan Dynasty for 41 years? If this is the case, then why can't he be said to be a Song Dynasty or Jin Dynasty? In detail, Guan Hanqing's positioning as a Yuan Dynasty person is relatively ambiguous for the following reasons:
Guan Hanqing was a native of Xiezhou (解州, in present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also known as a native of Dadu (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou (present-day Anguo, Hebei). In 1230, or even earlier, all three places were either under Jin rule or Mongol rule, and the southern Song Dynasty was very far away. Of course, Guan Hanqing and the Jin Dynasty would more or less hang on to the hook. But in this era, it was an era of war and chaos, and the emerging and powerful Mongols went south just like the Jin people swept the Liao and Northern Song dynasties to cut melons and cut vegetables. In the short years before Jin's death, it is very difficult to say whether these lands were in Mongolia or under Jin control.
In this year, the Southern Song Dynasty, which had not learned the lessons of the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, and mongolia attacked the Jin Dynasty from north to south, and the stormy Jin Dynasty finally came to an end. The Southern Song Dynasty helped the Mongols to perish, but did not restore much of the Northern Song Land, and the places where Guan Hanqing lived were within the control of the Mongols, and Mongolia was the predecessor of the Yuan.
In 1260, Kublai Khan ascended the throne as emperor. In 1271, Kublai Khan took the meaning of "Dazha Qianyuan" in the I Ching and changed the name of the country to "Dayuan", and the following year the capital was set at Dadu. At this time, although Guan Hanqing was 41 years old, the cultural education he received was definitely the superposition of Han culture and Mongolian culture, and the yuan culture that followed him was also the inheritance of this superimposed culture.
The Battle of Yashan ended in 1279. The Southern Song Dynasty perished in a very sad way. Mr. Chen Yinke said: "The culture of the Chinese nation, which has evolved over thousands of years, was created in the world of Zhao and Song Dynasties", and the prosperity of song dynasty culture is unprecedented. The yuan culture represented by Guan Hanqing is somewhat different from the previous generation. As Guan Hanqing commented on himself: "I am a leader of the whole world, the prodigal son of the world." To feel his words, and then compare with song words, there will naturally be different feelings. Or there are some differences in lifestyle, or there are slight differences in the spiritual world and cultural habits.
"Qu Sheng"! Founder of meta-drama! Together with Bai Pu, Ma Zhiyuan and Zheng Guangzu, he is known as the "Four Greats of Yuanqu", and Guan Hanqing ranks first among the four greats! This is our identity with him. Since he has become the first person to represent the culture of the Yuan Dynasty, at least from this point of view, he can be positioned as a Yuan Dynasty person.
In summary, Guan Hanqing's identity should be the Yuan Dynasty.
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, and Guan Hanqing and Tang Xianzu of the Ming Dynasty were both the greatest opera composers in China's ancient history.
The former's "Dou E'e Grievance" and the latter's "Peony Pavilion" are both treasures in the history of Chinese civilization!