Xi Jiangyue (Yang Shen) The sunset is rolling in the west, and the river is gushing in the east. The night came today and the Ming Dynasty, and the youth of the land has passed. Characters throughout the ages, how many heroes at a time. The dragon fought and the tiger fought for a long time, and ended up with a conversation and laughter.
The Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty was a chaotic era, external invasions, internal uprisings occurred frequently, large-scale uprisings not only had the "Yellow Turban Uprising", and the only people who called the king emperor were Yuan Shu and others. In the northeast at that time, there was a rebel army, composed of Han and Wuhuan people, as many as more than 100,000, and the land of the four states, which lasted for two years before it was pacified by the Eastern Han court. When suppressing this rebel army, both Gongsun Zhan and Liu Bei were once in a desperate situation, and Liu Bei had to use the means of pretending to be dead to survive from the battlefield. In the end, the suppression of this rebel army did not rely on pure military means, but on huairou's strategy. The following small editor will talk about this uprising - Zhang Ju, Zhang Chun uprising and the process of their pacification.
Of course, the zhangju and zhangchun uprisings were led by these two people, and the Wuhuan people were also an important military force for their alliance. Wuhuan was an ethnic minority attached to the Eastern Han court, which provided them with specific living areas and controlled them, such as Youzhou and Hezhou counties, while Wuhuan correspondingly assumed some military functions and was driven by the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the four Wuhuan forces in the northeast of Youzhou: Qiu Liju, the Wuhuan Lord of Liaoxi County, the Wuhuan Lord Nanlou of Shanggu County, the Wuhuan Lord Su Shuyan of the Liaodong Dependent State, and the Wuhuan Lord of the Right Beiping County, which is the so-called "Three Counties Wuhuan" (why the Wuhuan of the four counties is called "Three Counties Wuhuan", Xiaobian is not clear, personal speculation is because the three counties of Liaoxi County, Liaodong Prefecture, and Right Beiping County are connected, ignoring the Ancient County), and it is also the main force of Zhang Ju and Zhang Chun's uprising.
In the second year of Zhongping (that is, in 191 AD, the "Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu, Gongsun Zhan" recorded the Guanghe year, which should be a mistake in the record), a rebellion occurred in the northwestern Liangzhou region of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was led by Beigong Boyu, Bian Zhang, Han Sui and others. The Eastern Han court successively ordered Emperor Fusong, Zhang Wen and others to quell the rebellion, and mobilized 3,000 cavalry from Wuhuan to support the northwest. The Wuhuan people sent troops, but the grain was owed. Originally, Wu Huan's sense of identification with the Eastern Han Dynasty was not so strong, so they all ran back to Youzhou, unwilling to give their lives to the Eastern Han Court. This is one of the reasons why Zhang Ju and Zhang Chun were able to win over the Wuhuan people during the uprising.
Zhang Ju and Zhang Chun were also dissatisfied with the Eastern Han court. During the conscription of the Wuhuan Turks, the former Zhongshan Xiang Zhang Chun asked himself to be a general and lead these cavalry, but without Zhang Wen's consent, Gongsun Zhan became the general of these Wuhuan Tujue. Zhang Chun was very dissatisfied in his heart. Coupled with the fact that the Eastern Han Dynasty did show a decaying appearance at that time, the Liangzhou rebel army could not be pacified, and there were "two-headed co-operative" baby boys. The ancients were more superstitious, believing that this was the phenomenon that the Eastern Han Dynasty would run out of qi and there would be two lords in the world. Zhang Chun's ambitions swelled, so he consulted with Zhang Ju, a member of the same county, to raise an army and unite with the Wuhuan people, who were also dissatisfied with the Eastern Han court, in an attempt to overthrow the eastern Han dynasty's dominance.
Zhang Ju, Zhang Chun, and Qiu Liju, the Lord of Wuhuan, invaded Guangyang County, Youbeiping County, Liaodong County, Liaoxi County, and other places in Youzhou, killing the Eastern Han Dynasty's Wuhuan Colonel Wei JiCong, Right Beiping Taishou Liu Zheng, Liaodong TaishouYangzhong, and others, burning the city and plundering the people along the way, causing great damage to the northeast of Youzhou. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, the Biography of Gongsun Zhan, the Later Han Dynasty, and the biography of Gongsun Zhan led by Yun Gongsun Zhan (in addition to the Wuhuan Tuqi, there should be other soldiers) rebelled against Zhang Ju, Zhang Chunyougong, and added officials to ride the capital, but in fact Gongsun Zhan did not deal much of a blow to the Youzhou rebel army.
Zhang Ju and Zhang Chun gathered a crowd of 100,000 in Feiru County, Liaoxi County, Zhang Ju called himself "Heavenly Son", and Zhang Chun called himself "The King of Anding of the General of Mitian", trying to compete with the Eastern Han court for orthodox status, putting himself on a dead end. Of course, in the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty, there were many people who called the king emperor, and Zhang Ju, Zhang Chun and others could undoubtedly not be recognized by the governors and powerful officials of other states and counties, but it could also be seen that they should have certain strength and great ambitions.
Zhang Chun then sent King Wuhuan Qiao, one of the "Three Counties of Wuhuan", su Shuyan, a vassal state of Wuhuan in Liaodong, to lead an army of 50,000 to attack the Qingzhou Plain State and the Qinghe State of Jizhou. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, ShuShu, and The Biography of the Ancestors records in the Commentary that Qingzhou was engaged in sending troops from various counties to fight against the Youzhou rebel army, and Liu Bei happened to be in the plains (for unknown reasons), and a man named Liu Ziping recommended Liu Bei to accompany the army, and as a result encountered the enemy in the wilderness. Liu Bei was wounded during the battle with the rebel army, pretended to be dead on the battlefield to escape the disaster, and was later transported from the pile of dead people by car. This may be the time when this happened. On the other hand, Zhang Chun, Zhang Ju, Qiu Liju and others also invaded Youzhou Yuyang County, Jizhou Hejian County, Bohai County, and also entered the plains, as well as a certain place in Xuzhou, where historical records record that "Kou Luoqing, Xu, You, and Ji Prefectures killed the officials", and Gongsun Zhan was unable to curb the sabotage of the Youzhou rebel army.
In September of the fifth year of Zhongping (i.e., 188 AD), the Eastern Han court sent the General Meng Yi to lead Gongsun Zhan to take the initiative to attack the Youzhou rebel army. Gongsun Zhan and Zhang Chun fought at Shimen Mountain, and according to the Records of Reading the History of Public Opinion, it should be sixty miles east of Wuzhong County, Right Beiping County, southwest of Liucheng In Liaoxi County, a relatively steep place, flanked by steep Shanbi, with a path open in the middle, which was also known as the stone gate. Such a terrain can be said to be "narrow road meets the brave to win", the combat effectiveness of the Eastern Han army is undoubtedly stronger than the combat effectiveness of the Youzhou rebel army, and Gongsun Zhan successfully defeated Zhang Chun at Shimen.
However, Gongsun Zhan made a mistake, he did not make enough preparations, continued to pursue Zhang Chun and others, the result was weak, the lone army went deep, was besieged by Zhang Chun, Qiu Liju and others in Western Liaoning Guanzi City, the specific location is unknown, also in the southwest of Liucheng. When Gongsun Zhan's army ran out of food, he ate his horses; the horses ate all, even their own crossbows and shields. When the mountains and rivers were exhausted, Gongsun Zhan ordered his men to break through by separate roads, which was in the winter, and there was a large number of attritions on the road due to hunger and cold. However, on the other hand, the Youzhou rebel army and the army of the "Three Counties Wuhuan" were also very tired, so they retreated to Liucheng.
Gongsun Zhan's military means could not completely eliminate the Youzhou rebel army, and the Eastern Han court set its sights on Zongzheng Liu Yu. The first Liu Yu was a relative of the Han Dynasty and had a good reputation, which was most appropriate as the center of the outer town barrier; the second Liu Yu had done the history of Youzhou Assassination, which had a certain reputation in the local area and was easier to resolve the contradictions with the Wuhuan people. So in the fifth year of Zhongping, Liu Yu was appointed as the pastor of Youzhou.
After Liu Yu took office, he did adopt a policy of Huairou. In order to divide the forces of the Youzhou rebel army, he deposed some of the troops that Gongsun Zhan had placed in the Liaodong vassal state, and only one army was retained in Youbeiping; at the same time, Liu Yu actively communicated with the "Three Counties Wuhuan" to pardon their sins, and only Hung Red Zhang Ju and Zhang Chun. In this way, the "Three Counties Wuhuan" not only did not continue to participate in the rebellion, but became a force that Liu Yu could mobilize. Zhang Ju and Zhang Chun escaped from the outside world, the army collapsed, Zhang Ju's whereabouts were unknown, and Zhang Ju was killed by his own protégé Wang Zheng. From June of the fourth year of Zhongping to March of the sixth year of Zhongping, the uprising of Zhang Ju and Zhang Chun, which lasted for nearly two years, ended.
The elimination of Zhang Ju, Zhang Chun, Gongsun Zhan, and others was important in suppressing force, providing the basis for Liu Yu's policy of external softness; Liu Yu's policy of Huai rou was also very important, greatly weakening the strength of Zhang Ju and Zhang Chun, completing the task at a smaller cost, and ensuring post-war stability. There was no problem with the direction and role played by the two, but Gongsun Zhan's personality was more iron-blooded, perhaps witnessing the situation of the Wuhuan people plundering the people, and every time they fought with Wuhuan "like going to the enemy"; while Liu Yu was mainly gentle, pacifying, and surrendering. The difference in attitude towards Wu Huan also led to the discord between Gongsun Zhan and Liu Yu, and eventually led to a complete rupture.
References: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Book of Heroes, Minutes of Reading History, Atlas of Chinese History