Located in Nanguanqiaohe Village, Liuzhi Town, Hua County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, and the ruins of the Yuanjun Temple on the southeast terrace of the Gouyu River, a tributary of the Weihe River, belong to the Neolithic Yangshao Longshan Cultural Site, including the Two Sites of Yuanjun Temple and Quanhu Village. It is 1 km southwest of Izumi Village. The area is about 150,000 square meters, and the thickness of the cultural layer is about 0.2 to 0.8 meters. From the winter of 1958 to the summer of 1959, the Huaxian team of the Shaanxi Detachment of the Yellow River Reservoir Archaeological Task Force conducted archaeological excavations on the ruins of the Yuanjun Temple, revealing a total area of 800 square meters, and clearing out a well-preserved Yangshao culture Banpo type cemetery; and excavating contemporaneous sites in the north, a small number of old Guantai cultural remains were also found. The excavation of the yuanjun temple site provides systematic physical data for understanding the tomb customs and tomb shape system of the Banpo type of Yangshao culture.
The ruins of Quanhu Village are located about 20 meters north of Quanhu Village in the southeast of Liuzhi Town, Huaxian County, on the secondary terrace of the southern section of the Weihe River. It has an area of about 935,000 square meters and a cultural layer thickness of 0.7 to 1 meter. In 1955, the archaeological survey of the Yellow River Reservoir excavated the site, and at that time it was confirmed that the total area was about 600,000 square meters. In 1958, 1959 and 1997, the Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute of Huaxia County, the Shaanxi Branch of the Yellow River Reservoir Archaeological Task Force, carried out three large-scale excavations of the site, with a total disclosure area of about 7179.25 square meters, and cleaned up various types of ruins such as house sites, ash pits, pottery kilns, tombs, etc., and unearthed a large number of pottery, stone and bone tools.
A total of 57 tombs have been found in the Yangshao culture cemetery at the site of the Yuanjun Temple, which may belong to two clans. There are 45 north-south rows, all of which are six rows. Most of the shapes are rectangular vertical pit tombs. There are single burials and joint burials in the burial style, and there are slightly more multi-person burials than single burials; secondary burials are more common, of which 28 are collective secondary burials, accounting for 92% of the total number of dead in the cemetery. In a tomb, there are 2 people with a small number of people, and up to 25 people, generally more than 4 people; all of them are on their backs and straight, and their heads are facing. A thick burial of the elderly and young girls was found in the cemetery, and an elderly male tomb was built with gravel masonry, shaped like a stone maple, and 7 pieces of pottery were buried; and 1147 bone beads were worn by the young girls in the tomb. The burial utensils are mainly pottery, and the basic combination is a clay clay jomon pattern small-mouth pointed bottom bottle, a sand red clay pot decorated with jomon pattern, string pattern or plain surface, and a polished fine clay red clay bowl. Individual tombs have also unearthed black colored wide or geometric patterns of pottery bowls, bowls, pots, pots, spinning wheels, as well as mussel knives, bone needles, bone hammers, bone beads and other pottery can be divided into fine clay pottery, coarse sand red pottery, clay red pottery and fine mud black pottery, of which fine clay red pottery is the most, followed by coarse sand red pottery. The pattern is decorated with rope pattern, string pattern, additional pile text, painted, nail pattern, cone thorn pattern, mat pattern, scratch pattern and so on. There are very few paintings, only one kind of black color, and the pattern is simple, either broadband or geometric pattern. The pottery method is handmade, and most of them are made of clay strips. The main shapes of the utensils are cans, bowls, bowls, pots, cups, pointed bottom bottles and so on.
The ruins of Quanhu Village are mainly the cultural relics of the first phase of Quanhu Village, which belongs to the Yangshao culture temple bottom ditch type. Miaodigou cultural remains have been found to include house sites, ash pits, kiln sites and tombs. The plan of the house site is square, the construction method is semi-crypt type, the four walls and living surfaces are coated with grass and mud, the doorway is sloped, and the living surface is roasted by fire and has a stove pit. The number of ash pits is the largest, the plane has a round, oval, irregular shape, etc., the structure has a cylinder, bag, etc., and some ash pit walls can be seen with tool marks. Caves with slopes or steps and stoves at the bottom of the pits were also found. Two or three groups of horizontal cave pottery kilns were found at the kiln site, consisting of a fire mouth, a fire chamber, a fire path and a kiln chamber, and the kiln chamber was circular in plan. The excavated pottery is mainly sand-filled red pottery, followed by clay-based red pottery, and the least sand-filled brown pottery; the pattern is decorated with rope patterns, line patterns and black colors; the shape of the vessels include bowls, pots, pointed bottom bottles, gourd bottles, pots, etc. Bone needles, bone daggers and mussel knives have also been found. Two floral patterns, a bird-shaped bird-shaped faience pot (bowl), a heavy-lipped small-mouth pointed bottom bottle, a gourd-mouthed flat-floor bottle, and a sand-filled clay pot are very distinctive. In 1997, excavations found dozens of crypts of the Yangshao culture temple bottom ditch type, distributed in rows, lasting hundreds of meters from east to west. The surface of the crypt is mostly circular, generally 2 to 3 meters deep, and some of the bottom also has stove pits and pottery, and the cave wall has grass mixed with mud, which is quite rare in the ruins of the same period. Rice has also been found in the site, which is an important source for studying the development of agriculture in ancient China.
Clay pots, pots, small-mouth pointed bottom bottles of the second phase of the Miaodigou culture (Quangou Village Phase II) and gray pottery rope pattern bristles and axes from the third phase of the Miaodigou culture (Quangou Village Phase III) were also found in the site. There are also a small number of remains from the Zhou and Han and Tang dynasties.
The Yuanjun Temple-Quanhu Village Site is an exemplary site for studying Yangshao culture and tracing the social structure of primitive clans. In June 2001, it was announced by the State Council as the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.