Fu Zuoyi was a very contradictory person, on the one hand, as his name suggests, Fu Zuoyi never deviated from the great national righteousness in his whole life; on the other hand, the complicated political situation and chaotic national situation in China at that time made Fu Zuoyi an old "political animal". Therefore, when he, two years after the peaceful liberation of Peiping, he was already the minister of water resources of new China, and when he found the chairman and confessed that he still had a secret base with guns and radios, the chairman was not surprised, and even confessed to him that he should keep it for himself.
So, how did Fu Zuoyi, as his name suggests, have been acting for the great national righteousness all his life, and how did he become an old warlord of the "political animal" style in the decades before the founding of New China?
Fu Zuoyi
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Fu Zuoyi is a native of Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, where the Yellow River, which flows from north to south, makes a bend and continues to run eastward towards the sea, Fu Zuoyi's father began to make a living on this big river with yellow waves, doing shipping to feed Fu Zuoyi's brothers and a younger sister, and saving some family assets.
For Fu Zuoyi, his father trained him as a soldier from a young age, and the primary school was the army primary school, and then all the way to the Baoding Military Academy. Fu Zuoyi achieved excellent results from an early age, and was quite interested in military battles in history, which can be said to be familiar with military books. The historical background of his hometown Yuncheng also brought a lot of influence to the trajectory of his life, and under the eyes of the Guandi Temple that can be seen everywhere, Fu Zuoyi paid special attention to the word "righteousness" in his name.
In 1911, at the age of sixteen, Fu Zuoyi followed Yao Yiyi, the commander-in-chief of the Taiyuan Rebel Army at the time, to the north to Niangziguan to resist the Qing army and participate in the Xinhai Revolution.
In 1915, he entered the Baoding Army Officer School and graduated with honors in 1918. He returned to his hometown to join the Jin Sui Army in Yan Xishan and became a lieutenant probationary officer.
Jin Sui Army
Fu Zuoyi, who showed his talents in a series of military operations, ushered in his famous moment in the Second Battle of Zhifeng in 1927, the Battle of Zhuozhou.
Zhuozhou has always been a place where soldiers and families must fight. During the Republic of China period, Zhuozhou was only a kilometer away from the Beijing-Hankou Railway, guarding the throat of Beijing and carrying Baoding. Yan Xishan, who had accepted the Kuomintang's Qingtian White Sun Banner, gave up his attitude of cooperating with the Feng warlord Zhang Zuolin and personally led his troops directly to Beijing, and the unprepared Feng army lost ground one after another under Yan Xishan's blows.
Fu Zuoyi, who had been appointed by Yan Xishan as an Einsatzgruppen, assembled a division of troops in Taiyuan, and at jiugongkou along the Juma River, the starry night and journey to Zhuozhou City, the distance between the two places was about a hundred kilometers. The vanguard of the Jin army disguised as a caravan outside Zhuozhou city into the unsuspecting city, the battle began in an instant, after three days and nights of fierce fighting, at dawn on October 15, 1927, Fu Zuoyi and his fourth division headquarters of the Jin army entered Zhuozhou City.
At the time of Fu Zuoyi's surprise attack on Zhuozhou, Zhang Zuolin's main force was fighting fiercely south of Baoding, east of Zhangjiakou and Yan Xishan, and the Jin army that had initially been pulled up in succession was weak, and was quickly repelled by the reacting Zhang Zuolin back to Shanxi, and there was only one Fu Zuoyi's fourth division left in the area controlled by the Warlord Feng.
Soldiers coming off the chariot
After Zhang Zuolin returned from the front line, Zhang Xueliang served as the commander-in-chief, and the father and son began to counterattack Zhuozhou, trying to take this crucial place back to their hands. Fu Zuoyi, who was alone in Zhuozhou, went out of the city to contact reinforcements, and at the same time, with the high walls of Zhuozhou City, began to hold Zhuozhou. From October 1927 to the end of December, Zhang Zuolin launched a total of seven attacks, all of which were repelled by Fu Zuoyi, and the last attack Zhang Zuolin even personally went into battle, commanding and ordering five hundred rounds of poison gas bombs left over from the First World War.
In the end, Zhang Zuolin had no choice but to order a siege without fighting: "Fu Zuoyi, they starved to death in the city!" ”
Zhang Xueliang actively sought a peaceful settlement of the war, he sent the Shanxi Brigade Beijing Fellow Township Association and other Jin groups into the city to mediate, and also found Fu Zuoyi's teacher at the Baoding Army Officer School to persuade him to surrender.
Chang
Yan Xishan, who was far away in Taiyuan, saw that Fu Zuoyi was alone in Zhuozhou and that there was no benefit in the war situation, so he ordered Fu Zuoyi to surrender and accept the reorganization, and Fu Zuoyi, after consulting with his fellow villagers in Shanxi, decided to emulate Guan Erye's "surrender to Han and not to Cao", directly accept the command of the War Department, reorganize it into a national defense force on the spot, and declare that he would "never participate in a civil war."
After this battle, Fu Zuoyi became famous, and after surrendering, he went to Beijing to be entertained by Zhang Zuolin and Zhang Xueliang, and the words were extremely admirable, and the world knew that the Jin Sui army had produced a "general who defended the city". However, after a close look at the entire "Zhuozhou Campaign," it is not difficult for us to find that although Fu Zuoyi was well defended, he was able to drive straight into the enemy's territory for a long time and even went down to Zhuozhou City to attack the tactics, which were not tactics that ordinary people could imagine and implement, and Fu Zuoyi had a hand in fighting.
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After the "Battle of Zhuozhou", the famous Fu Zuoyi should be used by Yan Xishan, but Yan Xishan was a man with a small belly and chicken intestines, coupled with his birth in Shanxi, a smell of calculation of Jin merchants, so Fu Zuoyi did not have a good life under Yan Xishan, and Fu Zuoyi was about to occupy Jinan in the Central Plains War, but Yan Xishan listened to rumors and was afraid that Fu Zuoyi and Zhang Xueliang would communicate with him, and sent fu Zuoyi to the military power and monitor it, and the jin army command system was paralyzed and beaten back by Chiang Kai-shek. The Battle of the Central Plains ended in the defeat of Yan Xishan, and Fu Zuoyi, who once again performed eye-catching performance, was promoted to commander by the Nationalist government and began to cultivate his own troops of the Thirty-fifth Army, guarding the Suiyuan front.
In 1933, when the Japanese army invaded Shanhaiguan and the Great Wall War of Resistance began, Fu Zuoyi, then chairman of Suiyuan, issued a "Letter to the People of the Province" and sent telegrams to Chiang Kai-shek, Zhang Xueliang, and Yan Xishan, asking them to resist Japan. On May 22, Fu Zuoyi personally commanded the bloody battle of the 8th Division of the Japanese Kou who invaded the Great Wall, but the next day, Fu Zuoyi did not wait for reinforcements, but waited for the news that He Yingqin ordered him to withdraw from the position.
Chiang Kai-shek
It turned out that on the evening of the 23rd, Huang Hao, who had been instructed by Wang Jingwei, accepted the Japanese armistice conditions in Beijing, and He Yingqin immediately sent a telegram to Fu Zuoyi. Fu Zuoyi, who was on the position, was filled with righteous indignation and angrily asked if the anti-Japanese resistance was guilty? Fu Zuoyi, who received the order, did not immediately retreat, and he held his position until night, waiting for the Japanese army to retreat before ordering the withdrawal of troops.
Later, when the Suiyuan War of Resistance broke out, Fu Zuoyi personally went south to Luoyang to see Chiang Kai-shek and demanded resistance against Japan in order to stop Itagaki Seishiro's plot to split Mongolia, but Chiang Kai-shek told Fu Zuoyi that he should not go to war against Japan until the last resort, and that it was necessary to give in to patience. In fact, I didn't want Fu Zuoyi to fight. However, after Fu Zuoyi learned the news that the Japanese army had invaded Suiyuan by three roads, he held a military conference and deployed anti-Japanese resistance, at which Fu Zuoyi said: "It is the shame of my soldiers that the Japanese invaded Suiyuan and Suidong and occupied my north!" The dereliction of duty in defending the land is the humiliation of my soldiers! Nichiko, you must fight! ”
In the Suiyuan War of Resistance in 1936, Fu Zuoyi once again applied the tactic of leading surprise attacks, repelled the three-way attack of the Japanese army, and took advantage of the situation to recover two strategic points occupied by the Japanese army, effectively thwarting the Japanese invasion of China.
In the Battle of Taiyuan in 1937, Fu Zuoyi, who had two brigades of troops, once again took the initiative to ask for help when the Jin Sui Army as a whole could not avoid the battle, and went to Taiyuan as the commander of the garrison to preside over the defense of Taiyuan, once again becoming a lone army defending the city. The battle began on the outskirts of Taiyuan on June 1937, to the Japanese army invaded the streets of Taiyuan on the 8th, and during the two-day and one-night battle, Fu Zuoyi did not surrender an inch of land in Taiyuan, and it was not until dusk that he received a telegram from Chiang Kai-shek to retreat.
Taiyuan during the Japanese invasion
After this battle, in December 1937, Fu Zuoyi was promoted to commander-in-chief of the North Road Army in the 2nd Theater of Operations, and after experiencing the old warlord melee and the two anti-Japanese colds, Fu Zuoyi was actually disheartened by a series of rulers of old China, led by Chiang Kai-shek.
Fu Zuoyi's rise to power, or the time of his independent lineage as a warlord, is certainly late among the warlords of the Republic of China, and his power cannot be compared with Zhang Zuolin, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, etc. In the early years, he could be compared with the great warlords of Chiang Kai-shek's court, although the time to become an independent warlord was very late, but his thinking was old-fashioned, and he began to gradually understand that under this situation, guns and territory were in his own hands in order to control his own destiny.
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Although in the early stages of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Fu Zuoyi's enthusiasm for resisting Japan was not curtailed, and his garrison was adjacent to the He Longbu of the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army, and there was only a big river between the two of them. Out of the need to resist Japan and his approval of the Communist Party's all-people anti-Japanese stand, Fu Zuoyi and He Long had many correspondences and exchanges, and in the course of exchanges, Fu Zuoyi gradually became friends with some Communists, and he personally trusted Premier Zhou very much and visited Chairman Mao many times.
Premier Zhou
Later, Fu Zuoyi moved to Defend Hequ and established the Political Work Committee of the Beilu Army in early 1938, in which Communists were vigorously appointed as members, becoming the first person in the Kuomintang army to carry out rectification work after the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and the Thirty-fifth Army received the nickname of "Seven Roads and a Half".
This caused Yan Xishan to be greatly dissatisfied, and complained to Chiang Kai-shek that "Fu Zuoyi had reddened the ranks", but he did not expect that chiang kai-shek was in the middle of Chiang Kai-shek's arms, and the old Chiang Kai-shek took the opportunity to propose promotion to Fu Zuoyi, and could provide military salaries and grass, on the condition that the Communists in the Thirty-fifth Army be sent away, and fu Zuoyi had no choice but to send away most of the red personnel in the committee. Subsequently, he was appointed deputy commander of the Eighth Theater and commander-in-chief of the North Road Army of the Second Theater, which was considered to be completely independent of the Jin Sui Army system and became its own way.
In December 1939, the Battle of Changsha in the south began, fu Zuoyi in order to contain the Japanese army in the north, with the entire 35th Army and the seventh cavalry division took the initiative to attack, once again surprise attacked Baotou, round trip for nearly a thousand miles lasted half a month, successfully pinned down the heavy Japanese troops in Datong, and annihilated the strength of the two regiments of the Japanese army in Baotou, causing the Japanese army to frantically say that fu Zuoyi should be punished.
Chairman of Suiyuan Province Fu Zuoyi (first from left)
In 1940, the Japanese army's retaliatory action against Fu Zuoyi began, more than 30,000 invading Chinese troops invaded wuyuan on February 3, Fu Zuoyi slightly avoided the battle to avoid his troops, and then took advantage of the retreat of the main force of the Japanese army, on the night of March 20, he led the troops to attack Wuyuan, killing japanese lieutenant general Shuiqiao Yifu, completely annihilating the North China Sangyuan secret service, and annihilating two divisions of the puppet army. Fu Zuoyi's Thirty-fifth Army also suffered heavy losses, with less than 10 men left in some companies, and more than half of the company commanders at all levels lost, creating a complete victory in the first large-scale battle since the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and the Great Victory in Wuyuan set a precedent for the Kuomintang army to recover lost ground.
Chiang Kai-shek even wanted to award Fu Zuoyi the "National Glory Medal," which was previously held only by Chiang Kai-shek alone, but Fu Zuoyi, with his merits in the war, was a meritorious contribution to the courageous resistance of all officers and men, and did not dare to lead it alone and refused.
Before the Japanese offensive in the Suiyuan area was defeated, Fu Zuoyi had actually begun his own management of Suiyuan. Since he became the chairman of Suiyuan Province in 1931, he has been working hard in the Suiyuan area to build his own economic turf, and after repelling the Japanese offensive in 1940, he began to rectify the politics and military personnel in the Suiyuan area, prohibiting officers from smoking opium, prohibiting gambling, prohibiting the exploitation of the people, and prohibiting bribery.
Chiang Kai-shek during the War of Liberation
In 1943, Fu Zuoyi began to clean up the flooding of the Yellow River, and by 1945, Fu Zuoyi had accumulated a large number of first-hand hydrological materials of the Yellow River, and the Hetao area once again had the reputation of "plugging the Jiangnan" under his governance.
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After the civil war began, Fu Zuoyi cooperated with Chiang Kai-shek in the battle, and on August 11, 1945, he was appointed commander of the 12th Theater of Operations, and on the 15th, he was stationed in Suiyuan, Chahar, and Rehe, and together with the Eighth Route Army, he seized the fruits of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.
The Suiyuan Campaign began in 1945, a large-scale local campaign before Chiang Kai-shek launched a full-scale civil war, in which Fu Zuoyi's troops participated. Before the Japanese army officially surrendered, Lü Zhengcao of the Eighth Route Army attacked Hohhot, the garrison of Fu Zuoyi's command post at that time, and was defeated by Fu Zuoyi.
On August 16, after the formal surrender of the Japanese army, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China preemptively began the Suiyuan Campaign before Fu Zuoyi attempted to attack the Jin-Cha-Ji base area, and Ichino, led by Nie Rongzhen of the Jin-Cha-Ji Military Region, together with He Long, commander of the Jin-Sui Military Region, attacked Fu Zuoyi, but due to the improper command of Nie Rongzhen and He Long, the reconnaissance mistakes, the attack was repeatedly frustrated, plus Fu Zuoyi had a good basis for advancing and retreating, mastering a large number of cavalry, and once the field battle was lost, he firmly retreated to the city and used the cavalry unit in his hand to attack the exhausted Communist army after the field battle. Even many times it was a touch of the wind, which can be said to be "fighting the Red Army by the method of the Red Army." Moreover, the communist army, which lacked experience in attacking the fortifications, could not find the advantage of attacking the city at all in the face of Fu Zuoyi, a famous defender of the city, and the war fell into a state of stalemate.
Leader of the Battle of Pingjin
It lasted until the winter of December 1945, when the soldiers lacked warm clothing in the cold and frozen weather, and the commander He Long cholecystitis also suffered from a serious cold, and forced to withdraw from Baotou on the night of the 4th, the Ccp Jinsui troops withdrew from Baotou and abandoned the siege of Fu Zuoyi. This was the first major defeat suffered by our Party's Jinsui troops since the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and the soldiers' emotions were very excited, and even He Long's chief of staff, Zhang Jingwu, was beaten by a fighter who did not control his emotions.
On December 13, 1945, Nie Rongzhen ordered the suspension of the Suiyuan Campaign, and the various people's liberation troops of Jin-Cha-Ji and Jin-Sui returned to their base areas, and Fu Zuoyi regained control of most of Suiyuan Province.
In June 1946, when the civil war was in full swing, Fu Zuoyi had already won a few victories against our party within the Kuomintang, occupying a large number of areas in northern China. In August, Chiang Kai-shek assigned Datong to Fu Zuoyi, who immediately sent troops to occupy Jining and relieve the siege of Datong, and in October he divided Zhangjiakou, and Fu Zuoyi raided Zhangbei and lifted the siege of Zhangjiakou.
In December 1947, Fu Zuoyi was appointed by Chiang Kai-shek as the commander of the "Suppression General" in North China, and was transferred to Pingjin, coupled with the large amount of territory he had laid before at least 80% of the victory rate, making him known as the "King of North China" by domestic public opinion at that time.
The People's Liberation Army entered Beiping
After Fu Zuoyi grasped the initiative in the North China Theater, he did not take any greater military measures.
First, because his territory was too large, although it was not as large as in the northeast, but his actual control area was very large, and he needed a lot of troops to defend the key areas, except for the Jin Suiyuan clan raised by his men, he could not use the Central Army that Chiang Kai-shek distributed to him in the future.
Second, because he really did not want to fight a civil war, after repelling the communist troops on his own turf, Fu Zuoyi could be said to be watching from the sidelines in the two periods of the Liaoshen Campaign and the Huaihai Campaign. During the period between September 1948 and January 1949, Fu Zuoyi stood still in the Pingjin area and watched the Defeat of the Kuomintang soldiers.
However, Fu Zuoyi also did not expect that the Kuomintang reactionaries would be so overwhelmed, and that the Northeast Field Army would go south so quickly after solving the Liaoshen Campaign, and that he would once again become a general of the "lone army defending the city".
After the liberation of Peiping, Fu Zuoyi and Premier Zhou
Fortunately, Fu Zuoyi, who was surrounded by a lone army, was already very experienced, and at this moment it was not during the War of Resistance Against Japan, and Fu Zuoyi had many exchanges with our party in his early years, and his eldest daughter Fu Dongju was an underground party member.
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As mentioned above, although Fu Zuoyi was only called the "King of North China" during the Liberation War, his thinking was consistent with the thinking of Zhang Zuolin's old warlords, and he felt solid in his heart if he had a gun and a territory in his hand, and although Fu Zuoyi, who was born in Jin, did not have the same small belly as his old boss Yan Xishan, the clear price of jin merchants was also reflected in Fu Zuoyi.
On the eve of the liberation of Peiping on January 15, 1949, Fu Zuoyi waited until the liberation of Tianjin to relax, and tried to keep his 200,000 troops from being reorganized, and after the peaceful liberation, he borrowed public opinion to create a momentum for himself to create a "Buddha for all sentient beings"; after being punctured by Chairman Mao, he secretly asked the Kuomintang for a passport to go abroad, and even once wanted to flee Beiping, and after fleeing unsuccessfully, he told Chiang Kai-shek that he was willing to go undercover.
The elderly Fu Zuoyi
These are all manifestations of Fu Zuoyi's old-style warlord thinking, and the choice of peaceful liberation of Peiping was forced by the situation, but looking back at Fu Zuoyi's peaceful liberation of Beiping, he was indeed worthy of the great righteousness, and a series of hydrological materials and experience accumulated by operating Suiyuan to control the Yellow River made Fu Zuoyi the first minister of water resources of the Republic in 1957, and it was twenty-two years; during the anti-Japanese period, he advocated the anti-Japanese resistance and won a bloody victory against the Japanese army on the great wall line.
Fu Zuoyi made a report at the meeting
After the founding of New China, in 1950, when the United States launched a military campaign to invade Korea, Fu Zuoyi also wrote to Chairman Mao, strongly advocating the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, and took the initiative to ask for war to mobilize the Suiyuan rebel army to fight in Korea.
This is Fu Zuoyi, a politically opportunistic "political animal," a famous defender of the city who fights a war, a Jinshang who also has to consider gains and losses in the national situation, but also a soldier who has not forgotten the word "righteousness" in his name, and has not deviated from his Chinese identity in his life experience.