Lis (?) ~208 BC), a native of Shangcai, Chu State at the end of the Warring States period (present-day LiSilou Community, Chongyang Office, Shangcai County, Zhumadian City, Henan Province). Famous politician, writer and calligrapher of the Qin Dynasty.
He was a county official and had learned from Xun Qing. At the end of the Warring States period, he entered the Qin State, initially became the Qin Xiang Lü BuWei Sheren, and was appointed as Lang. Spin as a long history, bai keqing. When the Qin King issued an expulsion order in the tenth year (237 BC), he wrote a letter to advise the guests that they could not be expelled, which was adopted by the King of Qin. He also planned for Qin and the Six Kingdoms, proposing to first conquer Korea, and then eliminate the princely states one by one to complete the great cause of reunification.
Li Si seal book appreciation of "Yishan Carved Stone"
After Qin Shi Huang unified the whole country in the 26th year (221 BC), as a court lieutenant, he was ordered to agree on the title of "emperor" with Wang Qi, the imperial master Feng Hao, and so on. Later, he served as a chancellor and accompanied the First Emperor on many tours. Opposing Chun Yuyue's proposal to divide his children, he advocated the prohibition of private study, the abolition of "poems", "books", the history of the Six Kingdoms, and the "Hundred Languages". He also took the small seal as the standard, sorted out the text, and made the "Cangjie Chapter" as a model text.
After the death of the First Emperor, he and Zhao Gaojiao forced Fu Su to commit suicide, and Hu Hai was made emperor. After the outbreak of the peasant revolt at the end of the Qin Dynasty, he advised the SECOND emperor to change the law and practice the "art of supervision" to strengthen the power of the monarch. Later, he was falsely accused by Zhao Gao of rebellion, and was sentenced to five sentences, and was beheaded in Xianyang City, Yi San.
The Book of Expulsion is a discussion given to the Qin Emperor Yingzheng by li Sishang, a minister and writer of the Qin Dynasty. According to Sima Qian's "Biography of Li Silie", the Korean sailor Zheng Guo lobbied the Qin king Yingzheng (later Qin Shi Huang) to propose to dig canals and irrigate the fields, in an attempt to drain the qin manpower and not attack Korea, in order to implement the "tired Qin plan". When it was discovered, King Yingzheng of Qin listened to the advice of the chancellor of the imperial household and thought that most of the Keqing who came to Qin wanted to travel to Qin, so he ordered the expulsion of Keqing. Lisi was also among the expulsions, and despite his trepidation, he wrote the Book of Expulsion on the way to the expulsion.
The article first describes the history of the Qin state since Qin Mugong, which is strong with guests, explaining that the Qin state may not be strong without the assistance of guests; then lists the fact that all kinds of female music pearl jade are not produced by Qin land but are loved, indicating that the king of Qin should not be heavy and light. The article is highly intentioned, always centering on the goal of "great unification", from the height of the Qin King's unification of the world, positive and negative arguments, both interests and stakes, indicating the importance of using Keqing to strengthen the country. The full text was full of reasoning and eloquence, which impressed the King of Qin, Yingzheng, so that he retracted the order of expelling guests and restored Li Si's official position.
Original text of the work:
The courtiers discussed evicting the guests, and secretly thought that it was too much. Xi Miao (mù) gongqiu shi, west by Yu Yu Rong, east by Baili Xi (xī) Yu Wan (yuān), YingJian (jiǎn) uncle Yu Song, Lai Pi (pī) leopard, Gongsun Zhi Yu Jin. These five sons were not born in Qin, but Miao Gongzhi and the twenty kingdoms, and thus dominated Xi rong. Filial piety uses the law of the martingale (yāng), changes customs and customs, the people are prosperous with Yin (yīn), the country is rich and strong, the people are happy to use, the princes are obedient, they are the masters of Chu and Wei, and they have been strong for thousands of miles.
King Hui of Qin adopted Zhang Yi's strategy and captured the Sanchuan region, marched west to annex the two states of Ba and Shu, went north to capture Shang county, south to capture Hanzhong, swept through all the departments of Jiuyi, controlled the lands of Yan and Ying, occupied the land of Chenggao in the east, and cut off the fertile land, so he broke up the alliance of the six kingdoms and made them serve the Qin state in the west, and the merits continue to this day. King Zhao obtained Fan Ju, deposed Marquis Yong, expelled Huayang Jun, strengthened and consolidated the power of the royal family, blocked the monopoly of power and politics, encroached on the territory of the princes, and enabled the Qin state to achieve the great cause of the emperor. These four monarchs all relied on the merits of the guest secretary. From this point of view, what is there about Keqing that can't stand the Qin Kingdom! If the four monarchs refused to accept distant visitors, alienated the magi without appointment, this would make the country lack rich strength, and the Qin state would have no strong reputation.
King Hui used Zhang Yi's strategy to pull up the land of Sanchuan, west of Ba and Shu, north of Shangjun, south of Hanzhong, Bao Jiuyi, Zhiyan (yān), Ying (yǐng), east of Chenggao (gāo) of the danger, cut the soil of the anointing (yú), and dispersed the six kingdoms from (tong "longitudinal"), so that the west of Qin, Gongshi (yì) to the present. King Zhao, Fan Ju (jū), deposed the Marquis of Rǎng (rǎng), expelled Huayang, strengthened the gongfu, and ate the princes, making Qin emperor. These four kings are all meritorious. From this point of view, why should guests lose to Qin Zhao! To make the four kings but not to be inward (nà, the same as "Na"), to neglect the soldiers and not to use, is to make the country have no wealth and profit and Qin has no powerful name.
I heard that the officials were discussing the expulsion of the guest secretary, and privately thought that it was wrong. In the past, Duke Mu of Qin sought sages, took Yu from Xi Rong in the west, Baili Xi from Wanti in the east, and invited Uncle Jian from the Song Kingdom, and also recruited Pi Leopard and Gongsun Zhi from the Jin Kingdom. These five sages were not born in the Qin state, and Qin Mugong reused them and annexed more than twenty countries, so he dominated Xirong. Qin Xiaogong adopted the new law of Shang Martingale, changed customs and customs, the people were therefore solid, the country was rich and strong, the people were willing to serve the country, the princes were obedient, defeated the armies of the Chu and Wei states, and conquered thousands of miles of land, so far political stability and national strength are strong.
Li Si seal book appreciation of "Qin Xiang Taishan carved stone"
The jade of His Majesty to Kunshan now has the treasure of Sui and Harmony, the pearl of the weeping moon, the sword of Serving Tai'a (ē), the horse of the fiber, the banner of the jiancui phoenix, and the drum of the tree spirit (tuó). Qin does not give birth to this treasure, and His Majesty says (tong "Yue") what? Born of the Qin state, then it is that the luminous bi does not decorate the imperial court, the rhinoceros instrument is not good to play, the daughter of Zheng and Wei is not filled with the harem, and the Junliang (jué) 騠 (tí) is not a false external stable (jiù), Jiangnan Jinxi is not used, and the Western Shu Danqing is not mined.
Now His Majesty Luo Zhi Kunshan's beautiful jade, in the palace there are Suihou Pearls, And Clan Bi, decorated with jewels like the bright moon, wearing the sword of Tai'a, riding on a precious slim horse, setting up a flag decorated with Cuifeng feathers, and decorated with a good drum covered with the skin of the lingji. None of these precious things are produced by Qin, but His Majesty likes them very much. If it must be produced in the Qin kingdom before it is allowed to be used, then this kind of luminous treasure jade will never become the decoration of the court; the utensils carved from rhino horns and ivory will not become the good things of His Majesty;the women who can sing and dance in Zheng and Wei'er will not fill His Majesty's harem; the famous horses in the north will never be enriched into His Majesty's stables; the golden tin in Jiangnan will not be used by His Majesty, and the Danqing in Western Shu will not be used as a color ornament.
Therefore, those who decorate the harem, fill the Chen, entertain the heart, and say that the eyes and ears will come out of Qin and then can, that is, the wan (yuān) beads (zān), the Fu Jie (jī) of the Jue, the clothes of A (ē) (gǎo), and the ornaments of the splendid embroidery do not enter the front, and the zhao women who follow the customary Elegance Jiaye do not stand on the side. Fu struck the urn (wèng) tapping (fǒu), playing the kite (bì), and the song whistled and whined, the voice of true Qin also; "Zheng", "Wei", "Sangjian", "Zhao", "Yu", "Wu", "Elephant", the music of the foreign country.
If all these things used to decorate the harem, the concubines, the cheerfulness, and the pleasing ears must be grown and produced by the Qin kingdom and then used, then the hairpins embellished with jewels, the jade pendants on the ears, the silk-woven clothes, and the splendid decorations will not be presented to His Majesty; those beautiful beauties who can change with the customs will not stand next to His Majesty. That beating the tile, beating the hip and playing the kite, singing in the wuwu ya, can really be the authentic music of the Qin Kingdom; the songs between Zheng and Wei Sang, "Shao Yu", "Wu Xiang" and other music, can be regarded as foreign music.
Now abandon the urn and knock on "Zheng" and "Wei", retreat from the kite and take "Zhao" and "Yu", if so, what is it? Be happy with the present, just look at it. This is not the case, do not ask whether it is possible, no matter whether it is straight or straight, those who are not Qin go, and those who are guests are expelled. However, those who are important care about color, happiness, and pearls, and those who are light care about the people. This is not so cross-sea, the art of making princes also.
Now His Majesty has abandoned the authentic music of the Qin Kingdom to knock on the tiles, and instead uses the obscene and pleasant sounds of Zheng and Wei, and does not want Qin Zheng but "Shao Yu". Isn't it because foreign music can be happy and satisfy the needs of the ear and eye function? However, His Majesty is not like this to the employment of people, regardless of whether it is available or not, whether it is correct or not, all those who are not in the Qin State will leave, and all guests will be expelled. In doing so, it shows that What His Majesty values is only in the sound and color of pearls and jade, but what is despised is the masses of the people. This is not a method that can be used to control the world and subdue the princes!
There are many people who are widely heard of the land, there are many people in the country, and those who are strong in the army are brave. It is the mountain that does not let the soil, so it can become great; the river and the sea do not choose (shì) to flow, so it can be deep; the king is not a multitude, so he can understand his virtue. It is because the land has no four directions, the people have no foreign countries, the four hours are full of beauty, and the ghosts and gods are blessed, and the five emperors and three kings are invincible. Now that qian (qián) was the first to serve the enemy country, but the guests were the princes of the industry, so that the people of the world retreated and did not dare to go west, and did not enter qin, this so-called "(jiè) Kou soldiers and jī stealing grain" is also.
I have heard that there is a lot of grain in the fields, a large population in the country, and a well-armed soldier who is brave. Therefore, Taishan does not reject the soil, so it can achieve its height; the rivers, lakes and seas do not give up the trickle, so it can achieve its profundity; those who aspire to establish the royal cause do not dislike the people, so they can show his virtue. Therefore, the land is not divided into east, west, south and north, the people regardless of foreign countries and other countries, then they will be rich and beautiful all year round, and the gods and gods of heaven and earth will send blessings, which is the reason why the five emperors and three kings are unmatched. Abandoning the people to help the enemy country, refusing to allow guests to serve the princes, so that the wise men of the world retreat and do not dare to march west, and stop walking into the Qin state, this is called "lending weapons to the enemy and sending grain to thieves."
Husbands and things are not produced in Qin, but there are many treasures; soldiers are not produced in Qin, but those who wish to be loyal are many. Now we are chasing guests to serve the enemy country, harming the people to gain revenge, and the internal self-weakness and the external trees are resentful of the princes, and the country is not in danger, and it is impossible to get it.
Among the goods, they were not produced in the Qin Kingdom, but many were precious; many of the sages were not born in Qin and were willing to be loyal. Now that guests are expelled to finance the enemy country, and the people are detrimental to enrich the opponent, and the emptiness is created internally and resentment is built among the princes externally, it is impossible to seek that the country is not in danger.
Li Si seal book appreciation of "Will Audit The Stone"
Celebrity Reviews:
Southern Dynasty Song Dynasty Liu Xun's "Wenxin Carved Dragon Treatise": "Li Sizhi stopped expelling guests, and went along with the opportunity, moving words and doing things, although he criticized the scales, but the achievements were combined, and the good words of this book were also said." ”
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Jin Sheng sighed "The World's Talents Must Read": "From the beginning to the end, the fall only writes the general idea." It was not intended to be a text at first. Look at him from the beginning of the diameter, live in the diameter of the diameter, turn the diameter of the turn, pick up the path. Later, the literati had countless brushwork, and they did not use it at all, but it was the ancestor of the countless brushwork that followed. ”
Qing Dynasty Wu Chucai and Wu Tiaohou "Ancient Literature Guanzhi": "This pre-Qin ancient book is also. The middle two or three verses, one after the other, one volt at a time, slightly convert a few words, and the more the spirit comes out, the clearer the meaning, the infinite twists and turns. Who is the magic of the article, not in the words of the words? ”
Lis statue
When expounding the mistakes and harms of the Qin State's expulsion of keqing, this article does not discuss the matter on the specific issue of expelling guests, nor does it involve his own personal entry and exit, but from the height of "crossing the sea, controlling the princes" and completing the great cause of unifying the world, to analyze and clarify the advantages and disadvantages of expelling guests, which reflects Li Si's outstanding insight and reflects his progressive political propositions and employment line that conform to the trend of history. The idea of not distinguishing between domains and appointing people on the basis of merit shown in the article still has certain reference significance in modern times.
Most of Li Si's life has been practicing The Fa's thought. After being reused by the Qin Dynasty, he assisted the King of Qin in completing the great cause of unifying the Six Kingdoms with his outstanding political ability and foresight, and conformed to the trend of historical development.
After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Li Si was promoted to chancellor. He continued to assist Qin Shi Huang and made outstanding contributions in consolidating the qin dynasty's power, maintaining national unity, and promoting economic and cultural development. He suggested that Qin Shi Huang abolish the system of sub-feudalism and implement the county system. The proposal for a uniform text was also proposed, and great efforts were made to harmonize laws, currency, weights and measures, and rails. These measures were guided by the strengthening of the centralization of power and the absolute monarchy of the Legalists.
Later in his life, although Lisi pushed the ideas of the Dharma to the extreme, he was only a proposer, not a complete executor. At this time, Li Si no longer has the ambition to "rule the country by law". He no longer represents the Dharma. Therefore, it is debatable whether Lis's later ideas should be subsumed into the system of the Fa. Therefore, in the final analysis, Lisi is still the most complete executor of the Fa.