On October 10, 1924, the 13th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China, a 20-year-old social science student of Shanghai University, but on the stage applauded in favor of the anti-imperialist and anti-warlord speech, was beaten by a mob hired by the right wing of the Kuomintang, pushed off the seven-foot-high platform, fell on the hard rock under the stage, and bled on the spot, unconscious.
However, the police officers who maintained order at the scene not only created an opportunity for the rioters to escape, but also imprisoned the seriously injured student and his classmate, resulting in the death of the classmate.
1
From January 20 to 30, 1924, with the joint efforts of Sun Yat-sen, Chen Duxiu, Ma Lin, the representative of the Comintern in China, and others, the First National Congress of the Kuomintang was held in Guangzhou. The congress adopted a new party constitution, reorganized the Kuomintang organization, elected a new leading body of the Central Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang with the participation of Communist Party members, reinterpreted the Three People's Principles, and formed major policies such as "uniting with Russia, uniting with the Communist Party, and supporting peasants and workers," thus marking the formal establishment of the first Kuomintang-Communist cooperation.
However, in the upsurge of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, there was always a hidden countercurrent. The rightist forces in the Kuomintang, which represent the decadent big landlords and big bourgeoisie and imperialist interests, stubbornly oppose Sun Yat-sen's reorganization of the Kuomintang, the recruitment of Communists into the Kuomintang to form a revolutionary united front, and the implementation of the New Three People's Principles and the implementation of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal national revolution.
Long before the Kuomintang congress was convened, Deng Zeru, the elder of the League, who had been praised by Sun Yat-sen, and eleven other people jointly wrote to Sun Yat-sen to "impeach" the so-called "conspiracy" of the Communists to help the Kuomintang reorganize.
At the first congress of the Kuomintang, Feng Free, Ma Su, Jiang Weifan, and others attacked the Communists for "cross-party" in an attempt to undermine cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communists.
After the reorganization, because the Communists held a considerable part of the power at the central and local levels, it aroused the envy and opposition of the rightists even more. From March to June 1924, Liu Chengyu, Feng Free, Xie Yingbo, Xu Qinghe, Sun Jingya, Zhu Hezhong, Sun Ke, Huang Jilu and others successively accused or submitted documents to Sun Yat-sen to report the Communist Party. On June 18, Deng Zeru, Zhang Ji, and Xie Zhi, members of the Kuomintang Central Supervision Commission, with the prior consent of Chiang Kai-shek and others, jointly submitted a letter of impeachment to the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee and wrote to Sun Yat-sen, asking him to "urge the Central Committee to carry out serious punishments as soon as possible in order to safeguard the fundamentals." ”
As soon as the kuomintang rightist impeachment case came out, the rightist forces in Hankou, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macao joined forces and wrote letters one after another attacking the "cross-party" Communists and youth league members, with vicious words and arrogance. Of the ten bills submitted to the Central Executive Committee by the Kuomintang Central Supervision Commission in 1924, four were opposed to kuomintang-Communist cooperation.
2
In the face of the arrogance of the Kuomintang rightists, the Chinese Communists and the Left Wing of the Kuomintang calmly responded to the battle and resolutely fought back. For example, during the Kuomintang Congress, Fang Ruilin proposed that there should be no party in the party, and asked that the Kuomintang party constitution be written with a clause that Kuomintang members could not join other political parties.
Obviously, this proposal is aimed at Communists to cross the Party and oppose Sun Yat-sen's policy of accommodating the Communist Party.
In the face of Fang Ruilin's deliberate difficulties, Li Dazhao resolutely countered with facts, and finally he explained the rationality and necessity of the "cross-party" of Communists with a sincere attitude. Li Dazhao's speech was strongly supported by Liao Zhongkai and other leftists. As a result, Fang Ruilin's proposal was rejected.
On June 25, Kuomintang adviser and coach Borodin spoke with them at the Dongshan apartment at the request of Xie Zhi and Zhang Ji. Zhang and Xie were so incessant in their conversation that they threatened to split, which was sternly dismissed by Borodin on the grounds.
On August 19, 20, and 21, the issue of impeachment was discussed for three consecutive days at the plenary session of the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee. The Communists and the Left Kuomintang, with the support of Sun Yat-sen, waged the most resolute struggle against the Right Kuomintang. After the meeting, the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee issued a directive to all Party members on accommodating Communists:
The Communist Party of China and the Communist Party are both revolutionary organizations and have the same political views on China at present, so the role of a party group must not occur, and the communist faction that joins the Party will not obey the doctrine of the Party, let alone have the role of a party group... Since this resolution, the question of the Communists in the Party has been settled.
This means that the conspiracy of the kuomintang right wing so-called "impeachment case" has temporarily gone bankrupt. In October of that year, Zhang Ji wrote to Sun Yat-sen with a complaint and requested that he be relieved of his party post and party membership; Xie Zhishi slipped away from Guangzhou and ran to Shanghai; Deng Zeru was not willing to accept defeat, and simply said that he was sick and picked up...
3
The right wing of the Kuomintang, unwilling to accept defeat, saw that the "impeachment case" could not be effective and the historical trend of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party could not be reversed for the time being, so they began to change their tactics, in addition to the daily struggle for power, that is, to make a stumbling block for the Communists in their work.
For example, in the Kuomintang Shanghai Executive Department, Xie Zhi and Ye Chuling, who had come to Shanghai from Guangzhou, did everything in their power to create trouble for Mao Zedong, Qu Qiubai, Shen Zemin, Deng Zhongxia, Yun Daiying, Xiang Jianyu, and other Communists who were also working in the Executive Department. For example, on the issue of re-registration of Party members, according to the principle, both new and old Party members must go through the form and examination before they can become members of the reorganized Kuomintang and be issued a Party card. However, Xie Zhi, who was senior, actually shouted, "The hairy boy is not worthy to ask about our resume", and said, "I started from the League, and the revolution will still fill out the form for decades." Is it necessary to fill in? Although Mao Zedong, secretary of the Organization Department and head of the Clerical Section of the Acting Secretariat, worked meticulously and patiently, Xie Zhi finally filled out the form, but the troubles caused by these people really made the Communists working in the Executive Department tired and exhausted.
Xie Zhi and Ye Chuling were not satisfied with creating trouble for the Communists only in their work, but began to brew bloody violence. Because Mao Zedong learned in advance that the Rightists had hired rogue thugs to sabotage the inaugural meeting of the Party Department in the Fourth District of Shanghai, and made careful arrangements in advance, their plot failed. Soon, Ye Chuling went so far as to instigate rightists to break into the Shanghai Executive Department and beat up Mr. Shao Lizi, an elder of the Kuomintang. It should be known that Shao Lizi and Ye Chuling are both veteran figures of the Kuomintang, and the two also founded the "Republic of China Daily" together. Now, in order to undermine the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communists, he did not hesitate to fight against the deceased.
As a result, after the Executive Department had not issued funds for several months and turned to Sun Yat-sen unsuccessfully, Mao Zedong was exhausted and his physical condition deteriorated, so he had to take sick leave to return to his hometown in Hunan to recuperate. He went to sleep day and night, and it was at this time that the root of the disease, which was turned upside down in the morning, fell.
4
If it is said that beating Shao Lizi and withholding funds is only a prelude, then the "Huang Ren Massacre" that occurred at the National Assembly commemorating the 13th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution in Tianhou Palace on October 10 was a major outbreak of reactionary atrocities by the right wing of the Kuomintang.
Huang Ren was born on September 8, 1904 in Fushun, Sichuan. He lost his father at the age of six and was dependent on his mother and sister. During the May Fourth period, he began to accept progressive ideas. At first, he embraced the ideal of "industry to save the country", far away from home, and was successively admitted to Jiangsu Second Industrial School and Shanghai Zhonghua Vocational School. During this period, Huang Ren actively participated in various mass activities and soon joined the Communist Party of China. In January 1924, after organizational research, it was decided that Huang Ren would be responsible for the work of the Kuomintang Second District Party Department (Nanshi). At the end of September of the same year, Huang Ren was officially admitted to the Department of Sociology of Shanghai University and became a student of Qu Qiubai.
Huang Ren
On October 10, the weather was excellent, and the "Double Ten Festival" commemorative meeting prepared by more than 30 groups from all walks of life in Shanghai was held as scheduled at the Tianhou Temple north of Henan Road Bridge.
Before the meeting began, Huang Ren, Yang Zhihua, He Bingyi, and six other student representatives of Shanghai University had learned in advance that the concession authorities had colluded with the Kuomintang rightists and anarchists to bribe the local gangsters and prepare to disrupt today's meeting. Huang Ren, Yang Zhihua and other students persuaded Qu Qiubai, who was preparing to attend the meeting, to go home for the time being, and they would first go to the venue to see what was going on.
The Heavenly King's Palace is not large, there is a rostrum in the middle, and more than 3,000 people gathered at the scene. At that time, the Jiangsu-Zhejiang War broke out, and the Jiangsu warlord Qi Xieyuan and the Zhejiang warlord Lu Yongxiang were merged. Yu Yuzhi and Tong Lizhang, the rightists of the Kuomintang who controlled the meeting, advocated helping Lu Qi, and Yu Yuzhi shrieked:
Gentlemen, Lu Gong fights for justice, and should support him...
Before Yu Yuzhi's words were finished, there was already an uproar in the audience, and the cries of "down with the warlords" were higher than the waves. Some students climbed to the podium to give speeches saying that they should support the Great Revolution, oppose all warlords, and oppose all imperialism. At this time, Huang Ren also climbed the rostrum, listening to the speeches of his classmates while preparing to deal with the unexpected incident. Hearing the impassioned speeches of the students, Huang Ren couldn't help but applaud loudly and applaud one after another.
At this time, a group of hooligans rushed into the venue and beat people when they saw them. Seeing that Huang Ren was clapping, several people immediately rushed to punch and kick him, and pushed him off the seven-foot-high platform, hitting the hard ground with his head, and immediately bleeding from his nose and mouth, and fainted.
5
The police who maintained order at the scene had long been in cahoots with the Kuomintang rightists, and not only created an opportunity for the rioters to escape, but also put Huang Ren, who was already unconscious, and other injured classmates in a "cell" and slandered them as "spies" and slandered them as "spies."
The students who heard the news were indignant and began to besiege the "prison cell", and the Right Wing of the Kuomintang was forced to release Huang Ren and other students under pressure. Yang Zhihua and others rushed Huang Ren to Tongren Hospital for treatment, but due to the serious injuries and the delay in the best treatment time, Tongren Hospital refused to take him in. There was no way, the students had to send Huang Ren to Baolong Hospital again.
In Baolong Hospital, Huang Ren briefly woke up, and then fell into a coma, and his nose came out of yellow water, vomiting food and drowning blood, and the situation was unbearable.
After some careful examination, the doctor finally concluded that the brain was injured and the return to the sky was lacking.
At midnight that night, Qu Qiubai, who was already in an extremely dangerous situation, ventured to visit Huang Ren in the hospital, and with tears in his eyes, he gently stroked Huang Ren's forehead, carefully uncovered the quilt, and gently called his name. However, the young disciple and comrade could no longer promise him.
Holding out until two o'clock in the morning the next day, Huang Ren stopped breathing forever. Later, after autopsy, it was found that Huang Ren's vesti bone had been broken, the brain was damaged, and there were many injuries to the internal organs.
Huang Ren was the first Member of the Chinese Communist Party to die in Shanghai. Before joining the revolution, he once made this vow, "If a boy is not born famous, then when he fights for this great head and the people's thieves, he will be a relative all day long, if he is a prisoner who is to be determined?" Today, he has lived up to his promise with his life at the age of 20.
6
On the day of Huang Ren's death, the CPC Central Committee set up an action committee against the atrocities of the Kuomintang's rightists to organize progressive people in society to expose and resist the atrocities. The Shanghai University Students' Union later telegraphed the whole country, saying:
Huang Jun's death was actually to oppose imperialism, to oppose the warlords, to die for the party's righteousness, to seek the interests of the people of the whole country... He is one of the dead before the people of the whole country, and the people and thieves are not at odds with each other, and I hope that our compatriots will unite as soon as possible and launch a fierce general attack on imperialism and the warlords.
On October 27, a memorial service for the martyr Huang Ren was held at Shanghai University. The meeting was solemn and solemn, with huang Ren's portrait hanging in the center and a ring of ribbons hanging around it; the memorial service was presided over by Chen Wangdao; Qu Qiubai, Yun Daiying, Liu Nianchu, and representatives of various organizations in Shanghai delivered impassioned speeches one after another. The meeting lasted for three hours, and "the speeches in the venue were extremely tragic and exciting, and the people who heard it were moving."
The memorial service dealt a heavy blow to the arrogance of the feudal warlords and the right wing of the Kuomintang, awakened the people, clarified the truth, and caused a huge revolutionary torrent among the young students in Shanghai. Subsequently, the Communists mao Zedong, Yun Daiying, Deng Zhongxia, Shen Zemin, and other communists of the Kuomintang's Shanghai Executive Department jointly wrote to Sun Yat-sen exposing and accusing Ye Chuling of "ineffective presidency and connivance [against the rightists]." Soon after, Qu Qiubai also wrote to Sun Yat-sen, pointing out that the Shanghai "Republic of China Daily" chaired by Ye Chuling was "surprised by the remarks" and demanded a reorganization. In the end, the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee decided to reorganize the editorial department of the Republic of China Daily through discussion, and the revolutionary forces gradually gained an advantage in the Republic of China Daily, and Ye Chuling withdrew from the Republic of China Daily in a hurry.
The first domestic revolution was carried out in such a difficult environment, although the establishment of the Whampoa Military Academy was achieved, which trained a number of outstanding military and political talents for the country; the workers' and peasants' movement was vigorously carried out; the victory of the two eastern crusades and the southern expeditions was fruitful; but with the death of Sun Yat-sen in Beijing in early 1925, Liao Zhongkai was assassinated in Guangzhou in August, and Chen Duxiu's blind compromise and concession eventually led to the failure of the vigorous revolution.
On August 1, 1927, the Communists led by Zhou Enlai, Ye Ting, He Long, Zhu De, Liu Bocheng, and others took the lead in launching an uprising in Nanchang, firing the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries, thus opening a new page in the Chinese revolution. (Commemoration of August 1st Founding Day)