Chiang Kai-shek's Life 257, Late Qing Dynasty Documentary: Serfdom and Tibetan Folk Songs - There are beasts without masters on the mountains, and there are no masterless people under the mountains
"At the road protection meeting, most people held the idea of 'strike and strike the market'... They force others to accept this idea... They attack people who do not strike and strike the market for 'not thinking about the overall situation'..." The Republic of China scholars finally said, "Under pressure ... Many people have chosen to strike classes and strike against their will..."
In addition to the strikes, the people also marched against the government's acceptance of the railway.
At that time, a spectacle appeared on the streets of Chengdu: citizens, merchants and gentlemen held the tablets of the Guangxu Emperor... Next to the tablet, it is written in large characters "Chuan Road still needs to be commercially operated"...
"ChuanLu still needs to be commercially operated"... This was the edict that the Guangxu Emperor had issued.
In this way, the people wanted to prove that their actions were "correct", "in line with the emperor's requirements", and "not against the imperial court"...
Although the people went on strike and marched, the imperial court was unmoved.
"The strike is just a strike and a parade, what is there to panic about..." Sheng Xuanhuai said.
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The Qing court finally panicked... Because the people of Sichuan began to resist grain and taxation...
Under the organization of the Baolu Comrades Association, some ordinary people no longer paid the field tax to the Qing Dynasty... Under the mutual propaganda of the people, more and more people do not pay the field tax...
The tax resistance touched the bottom line of the Qing Dynasty... Qing dynasty officials, servants, the implementation of various policies... It all depends on the land tax paid by the people... The people don't pay taxes anymore... The Qing Dynasty starved to death...
"Starvation is not enough, but the people can't afford not to pay taxes..." Sheng Xuanhuai said, "The people should pay taxes... It doesn't matter in any country..."
When the people went on strike and paraded the city, the imperial court did not pay much attention to it, and when the people resisted taxes, the imperial court ordered Wang Wenren to strictly punish the people who participated in the tax resistance...
Wang Wenren is an assertive official...
Wang Wenren will judge whether the order of his superiors is "right or wrong"... Wang Wenren only carries out the orders he thinks are right...
Wang Wenren believes that the people's approach is "correct" and "in line with the will of the people"... So there is no interference in the behavior of the people...
Wang Wenren's connivance has made more and more people participating in the tax resistance... Unlike the strike march, the tax resistance won the support of the majority of the people... At that time, most people did not pay for food...
In addition to the tax resistance, the people also did a lot of excessive things...
Angered by the imperial court's practice of collecting money and taking the road, the people everywhere destroyed the Economic Levy Bureau, the Lijin Bureau, and the Patrol Police Bureau... The tide is spreading all over Sichuan...
The Economic Collection Bureau, the Gold Bureau and the Patrol Police Bureau... These were the taxing institutions of the Qing Dynasty.
The practices of the people put the Qing Dynasty in a dilemma... The Qing Dynasty decided to remove Wang Wenren from his post.
"This inaction of the official ... What do you want him to do? Sheng Xuanhuai said.
The Qing Dynasty believed that the reason why the behavior of the people in Sichuan was out of control was Wang Wenren's inaction...
After Wang Wenwen, the Qing Dynasty sent Zhao Erfeng as the governor of Sichuan.
Zhao Erfeng... Is a national hero.
Zhao Erfeng (1845–1911), courtesy name Jihe, was a Qing dynasty minister and the younger brother of the Shengjing general Zhao Erxun.
The most important thing Zhao Erfeng did in his life was to liberate the "Ulla".
"Ulla" is the Tibetan language...
In 19th-century Tibet (1800-1899), "Ula" referred to people who served serf owners...
Simply put, Ulla is a slave...
Before the late Qing Dynasty, "Ula" was a heavy burden on the Tibetan people: the Tibetan people were slaves of the serf owners from birth... The Tibetan people owed a lot of money to the serf owners from birth... This money was owed to the serfs by the fathers of the Tibetan people... "The father's debt was repaid by the son"...
In the late Qing Dynasty, the level of social productivity in Tibet was low... The tools of agricultural production are rudimentary... The main agricultural areas still use wooden ploughs, wooden hoes, and occasionally iron and wood ploughs... The harvest is only 4 to 5 times that of the seeds... Encountered a disaster year... In order not to starve their families to death, the peasants would borrow money from the serf owners... The interest on these money is high... Although the interest rate is high, however, the farmers have to borrow... Farmers can't get the money... Serf owners let farmers borrow more money... Serf owners told the peasants to "pay off their old debts with new debts"... The money is usury... Farmers owe more and more money to the serf owners... This money, they will not be able to finish in their lifetime... The peasants became "serfs"...
... This phenomenon is very common.
In Tibet, all peasants were serfs in debt for life... Among them... It's hard to find someone who has already paid off his debts...
When the serfs died, the debt would fall on their sons... From birth, the newborn Tibetan people were squeezed by these ancestral debts... And the origin of these debts... It's long gone from the past... The new people have no idea when to start.
... Serf owners make up 5% of The Tibetan population... It mainly refers to the three major lords: the local feudal government, the nobility, and the monasteries.
The three lords and their agents occupied all the land, mountains and forests and most of the livestock, agricultural tools, houses in Tibet...
Serfs make up 90% of Tibet's population... The serfs were personally attached to the serf masters... Serfs could be divided into rich serfs, medium serfs, poor serfs...
"Chaba" and "heap poverty" were the main components of serfdom.
Chaba means a messenger... The lords of the local government will let Chaba cultivate his own land... Chaba is the one who cultivates the land for the local government of the lords... That is to say, Chaba was a serf of the local government...
Chaba's status is higher than that of heap poverty.
Heap poverty means small household... Mainly refers to those who cultivate the land for the serf owners... The serf lord was the serf of the three lords... Heap poverty is the serf of the serf owners...
... The heap of poverty is the serfdom of the serfs.
Chaba can be reduced to heap poverty, and heap poverty can also be increased to chaba... Chaba and heaps will become slaves after bankruptcy.
Slaves made up 5% of the Tibetan population, mostly from bankrupt poor serfs... They had neither means of production nor personal rights, and were completely possessed by the serf masters... Serf owners used them as writers to labor.
Serfs had no right and could not leave their homeland at all... Serfs could not find another land and not too many serf owners... There have been serfs who have fled to neighboring areas... After that, they were retrieved by the serf owners... The serf owners brought them back to the village... The serf owners beat them badly... The serf owners made them pay a large fine... They owed more money to the serf owners...
When the serfs fled, their relatives would suffer... The serf owners would condemn them for not obstructing... Brothers, uncles, cousins, etc. who escaped from the serfs would be beaten by the serf owners... Relatives who escaped from the serf also had to pay a fine for the fleeing serf...
"Debt repayment is a matter of course... They owe a lot of money and still run away... I just don't want to pay it back... Those who don't pay back, of course, have to be punished..." said one serf master.
The serfs could only stay in their poor land forever... They lost all human freedom... They are getting poorer every year.
Tibet once circulated such a folk song: There are beasts without a lord on the mountain, and there is no man without a lord under the mountain...
... This is serfdom.
Under the conditions of serfdom, the local government occupied 31% of the land in Tibet... The nobility accounted for 30%, the monasteries accounted for 39%... The local government of Tibet has the power to grant, confiscate and adjust land to nobles and monastic lords, the right to approve the exploitation of non-arable land and the right to adjudicate land disputes, and the power to apportion or increase or decrease differences in all cultivated land.
"The Dzungars in the north have a blind eye on Tibet, and if the Qing Dynasty does not send Tibetan ministers, the Dzungars will send people to take over Tibet..." The Tibetan scholar went on to say, "The Dzungars are tribes that have been fighting with the Qing Dynasty for a long time... At that time, the Tibetan serfs belonging to Dzungar will die under the iron spears of Qing soldiers..."
Please see the next episode, "The Life of Chiang Kai-shek 258, The Chronicle of the Late Qing Dynasty: Social Changes in Tibet and the Establishment of the Minister in Tibet...""
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