Broccoli, also known as broccoli, green cauliflower, is a cabbage variant of the genus Brassica in the cruciferous family, which is a vegetable that is a flower bud for people to eat. It is high in protein and rich in vitamin a, vitamin C and calcium, which has extremely high nutritional value. In recent years, with the rise of China's economy and the continuous improvement of people's income and material living standards, broccoli has fully appeared on the table of our Chinese people. The structural reform of agricultural supply side, the development of functional agriculture and people's urgent demand for health care functional vegetables have brought opportunities for the production and planting of broccoli in the Yuncheng area. In some vegetable producing areas such as Ruicheng County, Yongji City, Xia County, and Xindi County in Yuncheng City, broccoli with market potential and high economic value began to be planted on a large-scale facility scale. At present, vegetable farmers in the cultivation of broccoli still have planting experience, management technology backward and other issues, in order to promote the production of high-quality, high-quality, characteristic, ecological broccoli in Ruicheng County, according to practical experience, the relevant cultivation technology is summarized as follows, in order to provide reference for the majority of vegetable farmers to develop high-quality green ecological broccoli, boost broccoli planting level to a new level.
Choosing the right variety is the basis for improving the efficiency of broccoli cultivation. Select the high-yield varieties that have been successfully tried in this area, fully understand the adaptability, stress resistance and optimal sowing time of the varieties, and reasonably select early, medium and late maturing varieties according to the different planned marketing times, combined with the natural conditions such as climate, soil and water resources of Ruicheng County. Medium and early maturing varieties such as: 'excellent', 'future', 'landscape', 'beautiful green', 'turquoise', 'fire peak', 'goddess', 'green peak', etc.; medium and late maturing varieties such as: 'holy green', 'green crown', 'green tip', 'emerald 90', 'February day', 'late maturing six' and so on.
The cave plate seedlings have the advantages of small seed use, strong seedlings, colonization does not hurt the roots, high survival rate, reduced drug dosage and can increase yield by 10% to 15%, etc., and have been widely promoted and applied to the cultivation of broccoli greenhouses and greenhouses in Yuncheng area. Broccoli hole disc nursery should pay attention to: (1) The seedling tray specifications should be selected for 72 holes or 105 holes. （2）
Soil disinfection: soil disinfection is carried out with biological control technologies such as biological fumigation and biological control agents and physical control technologies. Land preparation: every 667m² of decomposing and ripening farm manure 4t, slow release compound fertilizer 50kg, boron fertilizer 4kg, the use of micro rotary tiller rotary tillage soil, as far as possible deep ploughing, keep the soil in the shed soft. Application of straw bioreactor technology: 20 days before colonization, (1) trenching: in the shed and the cultivation of furrows and other long trenching, ditch width 45cm, depth of 30cm, the center distance between the ditch and the ditch is 130 ~ 150cm, (2) straw: the open ditch is covered with dry straw, the amount of 3 ~ 5t, the thickness is about 30cm, in order to facilitate irrigation, fermentation, the straw in the ditch at each end of the groove 10 ~ 15cm. (3) Sprinkling species: about 10kg of special microbial strains per 667m², the mass ratio of straw to strains is 400:1, and urea is mixed with 5 to 10kg. (4) Soil covering: The soil on both sides of the ditch is backfilled on the straw, and the thickness of the soil cover is not less than 30cm, and it is leveled. (5) Watering. Ridge: the use of flat furrow double row cultivation, scientific configuration of plant spacing, the width of the large ridge 1.5 ~ 1.7m, the small ridge spacing of 55 ~ 65cm, the plant spacing of 35 ~ 40cm, according to the specific situation of the shed area. Colonization: Try to choose a sunny morning, select 5 leaves and 1 heart strong seedling, colonize 2400~2700 plants per 667m², carry out shallow planting during colonization, hole depth of 12~18cm, reduce the incidence of stem base rot, and water through after colonization.
4.1 Temperature management: After the colonization is completed, according to the weather conditions, combined with the growth and development period of broccoli, normal ventilation every day, frequent adjustment of the air outlet, keep the temperature in the greenhouse and greenhouse suitable, so that the plant grows strongly, the flower bulb is tight and not scattered, and the color is bright green. Reference for temperature management during broccoli growth is as follows (see schedule).
4.2 Light management
Broccoli is a low-temperature long-day plant, loves light, and is insensitive to the photoperiod reaction, but it must ensure sufficient light during the formation of flower bulbs to promote the firm color of the flower bulbs. It is recommended that the current greenhouse and greenhouse covering materials try to choose po films with high light transmittance, high scattering function, good droplets and strong weather resistance, and remove water droplets, dust and other debris on the shed film in time to cope with the impact of severe smog weather on the production of vegetables in facilities in recent years.
4.3 water management: broccoli likes humid environment, with the increase of plants, the demand for water also increases, cultivation management pay attention to soil moisture and air humidity control, especially during the development of flower bulbs, soil moisture content of 65% to 75%, air humidity to reach 80% to 90%. It is recommended to use drip irrigation to water, determine the amount of watering and the interval time according to the growth trend, soil moisture and weather, and strengthen ventilation after each watering to eliminate moisture in the shed in time.
4.4 Nutrient management
It is best to cooperate with the dropper application, formula fertilization, and implement water and fertilizer integration. Broccoli requires nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, with nitrogen being the most, followed by potassium, and phosphorus being the least. Combined with the nutrient requirements of broccoli at each growth stage, it is necessary to apply scientific ecological fertilization, after colonization and survival for 20 days, 6 kg of urea, 9 kg of dihydrogen phosphate, and 50 kg of high-quality biological bacterial fertilizer; high-quality bio-organic fertilizer or 30% biogas slurry at the planting stage and lotus stage, spray amino acid foliar fertilizer 3 to 5 times, 0.1% boric acid and molybdenum ammonia solution 1 to 2 times to prevent hollow or decay of flower bulb stems; 25 kg of high potassium compound fertilizer and 10 kg of urea are applied every 667 m² during the flower bulb formation stage. Foliar topdressing with 50% biogas slurry to promote bulb expansion and increase yield; because it is difficult to wash after flower bulb contamination, human fecal urine is prohibited after the flower bulb first appears.
4.5 Weeding in medium tillage
After colonization, cultivate the loose soil in time, manually remove weeds, combine topdressing and cultivate 3 to 4 times, do not hurt the roots, do not spray herbicides.
4.6 Soil cultivation: In order to promote the germination of adventitious roots at the base of the main stem, improve fertilizer utilization rate, and prevent plant lodging, it is necessary to cultivate the soil in time after fertilization, and the soil should be moderate, not too thick, resulting in poor ventilation.
4.7 Plant adjustment: the special species of the top flower bulb should often remove the side buds in time before harvesting; the top and side flower bulbs are combined with varieties, in order to reduce nutrient consumption and make the nutrient supply to the main flower bulbs to grow, 4 to 5 strong side branches should be selected, and the thin and weak side branches should be erased as soon as possible.
4.8 Disaster weather response: It is necessary to pay close attention to the weather, and in view of the catastrophic weather such as cooling, strong wind, heavy rain, heavy snow, and high temperature, timely take defensive measures such as heating, reinforcement, flood prevention, cleaning of shed film, and shading net to ensure the safe production of facilities.
The insect pests that harm broccoli in the Jinnan region include vegetable green worms, small cabbage moths, aphids, twill noctus moths, whitefly, and beet nocturnal moths. Prevention and control measures: strengthen field monitoring, determine insect conditions, early prevention and control; keep the environment in and around the shed clean and tidy, timely manual removal of residual leaves, diseased plants, diseased leaves, weeds, eliminate environmental conditions that induce insect infestation; use yellow plate blue board booby traps, solar frequency vibration insecticidal lamp booby trap, sex trap trap, cover insect control net, artificial capture of adult insects and other physical prevention and control technologies; promote the use of Thuringienbacterium, 5% pyrethroid emulsion, twill nocturnal moth nuclear polyhedral virus, beet nocturnal nucleotype polyhedral virus, cabbage green worm granule virus, The prevention and control of biopesticides such as matrine and the spraying of biogas slurry foliar fertilizer have achieved good control results in the Nanwei Demonstration Area of Ruicheng County; the protection and use of natural enemies such as ladybirds, aphid flies, parasitic bees, spiders, grass aphids, aphid cocoon bees and other natural enemies to inhibit the development of pests; intercropping with fennel can not only prevent insect pests but also improve economic benefits.
6.1 Physiological disease prevention: Physiological diseases after broccoli receive the ball generally have yellow flower balls, small leaves growing in the middle of the flower balls, cat's eyes, purple flower grains, zong yellow flower grains, hollows. Prevention and control measures: the sowing period of the variety should be appropriate, avoiding long-term low temperature or high temperature seasons; the planting density is reasonable; the temperature in the shed is appropriate, and measures are taken to avoid too high or too low; the soil should be maintained during the entire growth period to maintain good water conditions and avoid drastic changes in soil drought and moisture; maintain the health of the root system; fertilize in the late stage of growth, spray foliar fertilizer containing boron, magnesium, calcium and other trace elements, apply more biological bacterial fertilizer and organic fertilizer, and maintain a good soil rhizosphere environment; cold currents, low temperatures, snow, When extreme disasters such as high temperature and other extreme disasters, it is necessary to do a good job of heat preservation and anti-freeze cooling.
6.2 Prevention and control of infectious diseases
The main causes of serious broccoli diseases in Yuncheng area are downy mildew, sclerotia, black spot disease, root rot and black rot, flower bulb rot, flower bulb top rot, the main reason for the occurrence of disease is due to the lack of fine control management of the environment in the cultivation management process and improper agricultural operations, resulting in high or low temperature and humidity in the shed, creating favorable environmental conditions for the germination and spread of diseases. Prevention and control measures: selection of high-quality, disease-resistant, coated varieties; plant density should not be too large, timely cultivation of soil, deep ploughing of soil, removal of diseased leaves; spraying bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harz, pink broom mold and other biological fungal agents under suitable temperature and humidity environmental conditions, using these biological agents to worsen the germination environment of pathogens, or inhibit the secretion of plant tissue degradation enzymes by pathogens, while intercepting them; healthy cultivation, improve the disease resistance of plants, such as more scientific fertilization and watering, more application of high-quality biological fertilizers, Do not flood irrigation, so that the plants grow strong; as far as possible to control the temperature, humidity, light and other conditions in the shed, the maximum temperature during the day is controlled at 23 ~ 28c, the relative humidity is controlled below 75%, pay attention to ventilation and light management; in the agricultural operation process such as leaf picking, cultivation, harvesting process, reduce artificial plant wound work, to avoid pathogenic bacteria to take advantage of the infestation; if you need to use drugs to control diseases, try to choose high-efficiency and low-toxicity biological pesticides.
Broccoli harvest period is relatively strict, 20 days before harvest is prohibited from spraying pesticides, in order to fully improve the value of its goods, after meeting the finished product standards to timely harvest. Harvesting standard: flower ball diameter 13 ~ 17cm, flower bulb stalk length is not less than 14cm, weight in 400 ~ 500g, flower ball tight, round flower shape, mushroom shape, flower buds are small, blue-green, no yellowing, scorch buds, no insect mouth, no live insects, no serious damage. Harvesting time: Take the method of artificial harvesting, preferably in the early morning and evening, avoiding high temperatures and sun exposure. Packaging listing: broccoli tissue crisp and tender, harvesting with 4 to 5 leaves, harvesting and handling should be lightly handled, flower balls must be timely graded packaging for sale or immediate refrigeration preservation treatment.
Establish broccoli production record files, from variety selection, seedlings, colonization, management, watering, fertilization, harvesting, sales must be registered, detailed records of the name, source, usage, dosage, date of use, date of discontinuation of used agricultural inputs, record the entire situation of vegetable growth, facilitate the traceability of quality and safety issues and the investigation of production process problems, and embark on the road of ecological, safe and high-quality broccoli production.