Cao Lihuai's early revolution and the Shonan Rebellion
Author Yuan Zaiping
General Cao Lihuai
Young intellectuals with progressive thinking are often the prophets and foresights of the revolution, and they are the vanguard and vanguard of the revolutionary movement since the May Fourth Movement and the period of the Great Revolution. Cao Lihuai, formerly known as Cao Li Huai, is a character tree gang. Born in 1909 to a poor peasant family in Cypress Village, Qili Township, Zixing County, Shonan Province. Because he was clever and clever from an early age, his father Cao Qichun did his best to send him to school. After completing private school, he was admitted to primary school and senior primary school, and later to Zixing County High School. It was the last scenic spot that the great poet Du Fu of the Tang Dynasty reached in his later years for sightseeing. Zixing, located in the upper reaches of the Xiang river tributary, the southern end of the Luoxiao Mountains on the edge of Xianggan, is one of the areas where the Red Revolution storm in Shonan flourished during many historical periods in modern Chinese history. In 1925, the Xiangnan Special Committee of the Communist Party of China was established in Hengyang. In the following year, peasant associations were generally established in all parts of Shonan Province; in Zixing County and yongxing County, which borders itself, not only peasant associations at all levels had been established early, but the peasant movement in the two counties was vigorously carried out. From 1925 to 1926, Cao Lihuai, who was studying at the Capital County Middle School, was greatly influenced and encouraged by progressive ideas, and he actively participated early in the patriotic student movement that expelled the reactionary county magistrate He Yuanwen and actively publicized anti-imperialist and anti-feudal and anti-warlord bureaucrats. It was precisely because Cao Lihuai participated in the student uprising and was active that he was expelled from the school authorities. After returning to his hometown, he participated in the propaganda work of the District Soviet Government. During this period, Cao Lihuai wanted to join the army. When the Northern Expeditionary Army had already attacked Changsha, he borrowed travel expenses behind his family's back, and together with his good friend Long Zhijian, who was engaged in propaganda work with him in the district Soviet government, secretly rushed to Changsha to apply for the Whampoa Military Academy of the Northern Expeditionary Army. However, he was only 15 years old at the time and was thin and unable to be admitted to the military academy. In 1927, Chiang Kai-shek launched the "April 12" counter-revolutionary coup; followed by Xu Kexiang launched the "Ma-Ri Incident" in Changsha. Suddenly, the whole zixing was in the midst of the white terror created by the Kuomintang reactionaries! Shi Caolihuai hid from the Kuomintang in his hometown and witnessed the tragic scenes of many Communists, members of peasant associations, and revolutionary masses being arrested, imprisoned, and brutally killed, and aroused in his heart an incomparable hatred for the Kuomintang reactionaries. But the enemy is rampant, and the good times are not long. In late November 1927, before the "Nianguan Rebellion" in Yizhang, Zhu De and Chen Yi led the Nanchang uprising troops from Guangdong to Guangdong and took the lead in arriving in Zixing, Hunan Province; on November 25, they conquered the county seat of Zixing, opened the Kuomintang prison, and rescued many Communists and revolutionary masses who were still imprisoned. Thus, the party organizations at all levels in Zixing County, as well as the peasant associations, trade unions, the Communist Youth League, and other revolutionary organizations at all levels, were quickly restored or rebuilt; and under the spirit of Zhu De's and Chen Yi's instructions, party organizations at all levels and revolutionary groups extensively publicized, mobilized, and armed the masses, and actively launched a resolute struggle against the Kuomintang's reactionary military and political forces. Cao Lihuai, who was just a teenager, was as always actively involved in this severe struggle. At the end of November 1927, Zhu De led his troops from Zixing to Rucheng, Xiangnan, on the border of Xiangyue and Gansu, where a meeting of the secretaries of the county party committees of The Shonan Counties under the Xiangnan Special Committee of the Communist Party of China was convened to "discuss the matter of mobilizing the masses to carry out armed insurrection (that is, the Shonan rebellion)." At the end of the same year, Zhu De met with He Changgong sent by Mao Zedong in Shaoguan, and through exchanges and discussions, "strengthened his determination to launch the Shonan Uprising" (see Cao Lihuai's Unforgettable Memories, published by Blue Sky Publishing House above). In January 1928, Zhu De and Chen Yi led their troops to launch the "Nianguan Rebellion" in Yizhang, officially opening the prelude to the Shonan Rebellion. The Yizhang rebellion terrified Chiang Kai-shek, and he immediately ordered Xu Kexiang, who was stationed in northern Guangdong, to lead the troops of the 6 regiments of the Independent Division to pounce on Yizhang. In the face of a strong enemy, Zhu De implemented the strategies and tactics of "taking retreat as an advance" and "luring the enemy to go deeper"; in this way, he not only smashed the enemy's advance and annihilation, but also captured a large number of weapons, equipment, and military materials. After winning the battle, Hu Shaohai led his troops to defend Yizhang, while Zhu De and Chen Yi led the main force to the north and captured the city of Chenzhou. In Chenzhou, Zhu and Chen made all-round general arrangements for the entire Shonan riot. Zhu De and Wang Erzhuo led the main force north to advance into Leiyang; Chen Yi led his troops to guard Chenzhou, closely watching and assisting the revolutionary struggle in Zixing and Yongxing. On the way north with Zhu De's troops, they were attacked and frantically encircled and suppressed by the great warlords Tang Shengzhi, Bai Chongxi, and Li Yixuan, the Gui warlords. Zhu De implemented such flexible and mobile strategies and tactics as "shaking a false shot to induce the enemy's internal misjudgment and fighting" and "winning by surprise and attacking them unprepared." With the close cooperation of the local peasant armed forces, Zhu De finally completely smashed the enemy's pinch attacks and encirclement and suppression, causing the enemy troops to be annihilated on the spot or fleeing in the wilderness. After our army occupied Leiyang, the CPC Xiangnan Special Committee moved from Hengyang to Leiyang, and the General Headquarters of the Shonan Rebellion was also located in Leiyang. Under the unified orders and arrangements of the General Headquarters of the Riot, armed riots were held in various parts of Shonan. The central area of the armed insurrection was Yizhang, Chenxian, Yongxing, Zixing, Anren, and other counties; and armed insurrections were held in Guidong, Rucheng, Hengyang, Chaling, Youxian, Yuxian, Changning, and Shuikoushan coal mines; and the armed insurrection also spread to Guiyang, Linwu, Jiahe, Lanshan, Ningyuan, Daoxian, Xintian, Jianghua, and other counties. More than 1 million people participated in the Shonan uprising. From March 16 to 20, the Shonan Special Committee held the Shonan Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Congress at the Yongxing Taiping Temple, and formally established the Shonan Soviet Government. Before and after this, Soviet governments at all levels, such as the counties, townships, and districts in the riot areas, were also set up one after another, and immediately launched a vigorous agrarian revolutionary movement to crack down on local tycoons and divide up the land. The revolutionary movements carried out in Zixing County and Yongxing County, one of the central areas of the armed insurrection, were often ahead of the various parts of Shonan. As early as late November 1927, after Zhu De and Chen Yi led their troops to capture the county seat of Zixing, the local party organizations at all levels quickly formed and developed their own peasant armed forces, and launched an indomitable struggle against the Kuomintang reactionaries and other landlord armed forces. On February 5, 1928, the day after Zhu and Chen led the ministry to capture Chenzhou on February 4, the Soviet Government of the Sandu Special District of Zixing County was established in Beixiang, and on February 11, the first District Soviet Government of Zixing was established in Tateshi. Soon, Deng Yunting was ordered by Chen Yi to lead the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army to Zixing Longxi. On March 6, the Zixing County Soviet Government was established in Sandu. Since cao Lihuai participated in the student uprising to the Shonan rebellion, he has always been in the revolutionary movement of Zixing in various periods. When the Soviet government of the Sandu Special Administrative Region was established, he was a propagandist of the government; after the establishment of the Zixing County Soviet Government, he immediately went to the county Soviet government as a propagandist. He not only served as a propagandist, but also carried the shuttle label on his shoulders and actively threw himself into the agrarian revolutionary struggle to fight the local tyrants and divide the land with the peasant army. The Shonan rebellion caused Chiang Kai-shek to panic. From the end of March 1928, he successively mobilized several large armies of Xianggui and Guangdong to carry out a frenzied encirclement and suppression of the Shonan Rebellion. In response to the Shonan Uprising, Mao Zedong and He Changgong both led the Red First Regiment and the Red Second Regiment from Jinggangshan to Shonan and Shonan Zixing respectively. After He Changgong led the Red Second Regiment to Zixing Longxi and joined Deng Yunting's forces, he marched to Chukou on March 29 and engaged in a fierce battle with a battalion of the Kuomintang army Fan Shisheng's department that had come to encircle and suppress and was stationed at Chukou, and quickly annihilated the enemy army and occupied Chukou. He Changgong held a military-civilian congress in Chukou and established the Chukou Township Soviet Government. At this time, Huang Kecheng, a party representative of the Independent League of the Yongxing County Revolutionary Army, who was close to Zixing, also immediately rushed to Chukou to meet with He Changgong to discuss the next revolutionary action. During this period, Cao Lihuai's desire to join the army was even stronger. When he was fighting the local tycoons, he and his classmate Long Zhijian, who were working in the county Soviet government, got two horses; they immediately rushed to zixing county on horseback and told Mao Zeqin and Huang Yizao, who had come from Jinggangshan to meet Zhu De and Chen Yi, about their strong desire to become the Red Army. Mao and Huang immediately issued them a letter of introduction, asking them to take the letter of introduction to Chukou to find He Changgong, a party representative of the Second Regiment of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army. Cao Lihuai and Long Zhijian rode another 120 miles of mountain road to Chukou and met He Changgong. After reading the letter of introduction and asking about the situation, he asked them to report to the regimental headquarters. The regimental chief of staff saw that they were students, so he asked them to stay at the regimental headquarters as clerks. However, they had to go down to the company to serve as soldiers, and finally they were assigned to the second company of the second battalion of the regiment as soldiers. Since then, Cao Lihuai "became a Red Army, joined the revolutionary ranks, and worked for more than 60 Spring and Autumn Festivals" (Cao Lihuai's "Unforgettable Memories"). Since the beginning of April, Fan Shisheng and Li Chaofang, leaders of the Kuomintang reactionaries who were the commanders-in-chief of the enemy's "Suppression General" Headquarters on the North and South Roads, have gathered the strength of nearly 10 divisions to accelerate the frenzied encirclement and suppression of the Shonan riot area. When a large army presses the border, our army really adopts the strategy of "avoiding its sharp edge" and "the enemy advances and we retreat." After He Changgong annihilated an enemy battalion, it was surrounded and suppressed by Fan Shisheng's main force. On April 6, He Changgong led his troops to evacuate Chukou and traveled to Zixing County to reach Penggong Temple in Zixing Dongxiang. On April 8, Chen Yi led peasant armies from the five counties of Southern Hunan from The Three Capitals of Zixing North Township to Zixing County, arrived at Penggong Temple in Dongxiang, and fought fierce battles and bloody battles with Bai Chongxi's army that had come to encircle and suppress them. On the 9th, He Changgong's Department, Chen Yi's Ministry, and the Shonan Special Committee held a joint meeting at PenggongMiao Temple to study and deploy the next step of military operations, and decided to go to Jinggangshan. In mid-April, Cao Lihuai arrived at Jinggangshan with the Red Second Regiment led by He Changgong. On April 28, Zhu De and Chen Yi led the main force of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army, which participated in the Shonan Uprising, to meet mao Zedong's Autumn Harvest Uprising troops in Ninggang, Jiangxi Province. After meeting the division, the two armies were reorganized into the 4th Army of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army, which was later renamed the 4th Army of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army; Zhu De was appointed as the commander of the army, and Mao Zedong was appointed as the party representative. Cao Lihuai's Red Second Regiment was also reorganized into the 32nd Regiment. The Zhumao Red Army opened a new page in the fiery revolutionary struggle at Jinggangshan. December 2020 in Yichang
About the Author
Yuan Zaiping, born in 1944, is a native of Zixing, Hunan. He graduated from the Department of Chinese of Wuhan University, is the deputy research librarian of the Qunyi Museum in Yichang City, Hubei Province, and a member of the Hubei Writers Association and the Provincial Folk Writers Association. He has long been engaged in the editing of local journals and the research of literature and history, and has published more than 1 million words of literary works, literary and historical articles and academic papers in national, provincial and municipal newspapers and magazines. Yichang Cultural Chronicle (Hubei People's Publishing House), Associate Editor and Chief Writer, Chinese Folklore. General Compilation of Wujiagang Volume (China Federation of Literature and Literature Publishing House). Participated in the second session of the "Yichang City Chronicle" (Fangzhi Publishing House) writing. Co-authored with his wife Gong Xinghua, he published a 680,000-word literary and historical monograph "Three Gorges History of the Sea Hook Shenlu" (Changjiang Publishing House).
The author is Mr. Yuan Zaiping