1. Brief introduction of Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty:
Ai Xin Jueluo Yin chan (1678.12.13 – 1735.10.08) was the fifth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the third emperor after the capital was Beijing, the fourth son of the Kangxi Emperor, and his mother was Empress Xiaogongren, that is, Princess Wuya. In the thirty-seventh year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1698), Yin Chan was made the Prince of Yong. After the second deposed crown prince Yin Rong, Yin Chan actively competed for the throne, and on November 13, 1722, the Kangxi Emperor died of illness in changchun garden in the northern suburbs, and he succeeded to the throne, changing the era name to Yongzheng the following year. Yongzheng died in the thirteenth year (1735), the temple number Sejong, the title of Jing Tianchang Yun Jianzhong table text Wu Ying Ming Kuan Ren Xin Yi Rui Sheng Da Xiao Zhi Chengxian Emperor, buried the Qing Xiling Tai Ling, passed on his fourth son Hongli.
Portrait of the Yongzheng Emperor
2. Some things that happened during the Yongzheng period:
(1) The Yongzheng Emperor, who was tough in political means and rigorous in his work.
The spy means are clever, there is a minister named Wang Yunjin after returning home in the next dynasty, playing cards with a group of friends, after playing a few games, somehow there is one card missing, at that time Wang Yunjin did not take it seriously, the cards could not be played, he drank and chatted with friends.
The next day, when the dynasty was dispersed, Yongzheng stopped Wang Yunjin and asked him what he had done yesterday. Wang Yunjin answered truthfully. Yongzheng saw that he was honest, so he didn't say anything more, but took out a card on his clothes and gave it to Wang Yunjin, who took a look at it, and sure enough, it was the one he lost yesterday.
Yongzheng said that when officials do not do official work or cannot do things, no matter how good their character is, it is just a decoration, and it cannot play a role in ruling the world and the people. Hunan Inspector Wang Guodong, for the official clean and honest, but did not do anything, so Yongzheng was replaced, directly subordinate to Wuqiao Zhi County Chang Sanle, an division to keep to himself, but the political performance was mediocre, Yongzheng thought that Chang Sanle was really dereliction of duty, and dismissed him from his official post.
Yongzheng Zhu Batch
Yongzheng, who was strict in his work, in the Qing Dynasty, this kind of bad habit was popular in the official field: when the civil and military officials of the provinces first arrived, almost all of them were how bad and how bad the local area was. In a few months, it will be said that through their own efforts, how the local area has improved, and how it has shown its talents and achievements. For this column of reports, Yongzheng unceremoniously pointed out: "Only half credible." In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Shi Wenzhuo, the inspector of Henan, reported that the locust plague in all prefectures and counties in the province was no longer extinguished. The strict Yongzheng Emperor, by questioning other officials, perceived that Shi Wenzhuo's report was not a thing, so the Yongzheng Emperor severely criticized him.
(2) The General Customs and Trade Agreement between the Prohibition of the Sea and the Qing Dynasty.
At that time, foreign merchants came to China to trade more and more, but Yongzheng did not allow Chinese merchants to trade abroad, set up various obstacles, and declared that "the sea ban is strict and not lenient, and there is no good strategy." Later, at the repeated request of the coastal provinces, although the sea ban was slightly relaxed, various restrictions were still imposed. In particular, for overseas Chinese traders and laborers who have lived in foreign countries for a long time, "they will not return after the deadline, and they are willing to move to other countries, and they have no pity and are not allowed to return to the interior." ”
In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Dai Jinxian (a German astronomer, was appointed by the Kangxi Emperor as the Supervisor of Qin Tianjian, and in 1731 was appointed as a squire of the Qing Court. He has worked in China for 29 years. Presented to the emperor: "Macao is not a place where foreign ships often visit, if the emperor is willing to open the favor and allow foreigners to live in Guangdong, then it is convenient for those who return to China to take a boat." Now foreigners are not allowed to support their feet anywhere, and there is no way back for you. A few months later, the emperor replied: "For the sake of your bitter request, I will first order the governor of Guangdong not to urge you to move to Macao, and then decide after the discussion of the local officials." "No, after consultation with the magistrate, foreigners can stay in the foreign trading merchant area (commonly known as "thirteen lines").
The picture comes from the Internet, and the infringement must be deleted
During the Yongzheng period, merchants in the interior sent tobacco, tea, silk and other items to the Kulun and Kyakhta regions on the Sino-Russian border for trade. By the Qianlong period, it was already a place where department stores gathered, and it can be said that the city was noisy, the population was large, and it was very prosperous.
Image source network, infringement must be deleted
(3) The Yongzheng Emperor who cultivated immortals and practiced Taoism.
Yongzheng was very interested in the Taoist cultivation of Dan Yao, and raised Daoist priests in the palace to refine Dan for him. He also personally wrote several secret letters, and specially instructed some local henchmen to pay attention to visiting people who had cultivated their lives. After receiving the edict, the ministers did not dare to be idle, and one after another recommended Daoist monks to enter Beijing. 、
Yongzheng took Dan medicine, in addition to curing diseases, it was more important to replenish yuan qi, not only did he eat it himself, he also gave it to his confidants Ortai and Tian Wenjing to eat.
Contributions of the Yongzheng Emperor:
1. Strengthen the monarchical centralism and establish the Military Aircraft Department.
The Yongzheng Emperor expanded the scope and content of the secret fold. Originating in the twentieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1681), the secret fold helped the emperor to better understand the situation, grasp the dynamics, and formulate targeted measures to effectively implement the rule. In order to give full play to the role of the secret fold, the Yongzheng Emperor expanded the scope of the secret fold to the envoys, the envoys, the study of politics, etc., and the content was expanded to the livelihood and customs.
In order to strengthen imperial power, the Cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was restored during the Shunzhi period. Kangxi established the Southern Study To decentralize the power of the Council of Ministers, but did not fundamentally solve the problem. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), because of the use of troops in the northwest, with the cabinet outside the Taihe Gate, fearing that secrets would leak, it began with the establishment of a military machine room in the Longzong Gate, and the selection of confidential people in the cabinet was written on duty, in order to handle emergency military affairs and assist the emperor in handling government affairs. In the 10th year of Yongzheng (1732), it was renamed "Handling Military Aircraft Department", referred to as "Military Aircraft Division". The ministers of the Military Aircraft Department were selected by the Emperor and concurrently held by the Cabinet Ministers, who obeyed the Emperor directly, knelt down to take notes, and their activities were under the Supervision of the Emperor, and their will was recorded entirely according to the Emperor's words.
Military Aircraft Department in the Forbidden City
2. Change the employment system, reuse Han Chinese, and abolish untouchability.
In the early years of Yongzheng, Nian Qianyao and Longkeduo were reused, and Nian Qianyao was successively appointed as the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi and the general of Fuyuan, and Longkeduo was made the official Shangshu, the commander of the infantry, and the concurrently li clan yuan, and was given the title of prince Taibao. However, within a few years, it was purged by Yongzheng. Nian Tangyao ordered himself to be cut off, and Roncodo was banned from death.
Other servants of Yongzheng's favor were: Li Wei, who successively served as Hubu Langzhong, Yunnan Yanyidao, Buzheng Envoy, Zhejiang Governor, Zhejiang Governor, Bingbu Shangshu, Acting Punishment Department Shangshu, and Zhili Governor;
Li Wei
Tian Wenjing, successively serving as a political envoy of Henan, an inspector of Henan, a governor of Henan, and a shangshu of the Bingbu Department;
Tian Wenjing
Zhang Tingyu (張廷玉), successively served as the Rebbe Shangshu, the Hubu Shangshu, the Official's Shangshu, the Bai bao and the Dian University (the first assistant to the cabinet), and the chief military aircraft minister;
Zhang Tingyu
Ertai, twenty-one years old, served as a bodyguard and served as a member of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), he was the governor of Guangxi. In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), he was transferred to the viceroy of Yungui and also had jurisdiction over Guangxi. In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng (1735), the Yongzheng Emperor died, and together with Zhang Tingyu, he was appointed as the minister of prime ministerial affairs, successively serving as the minister of military aircraft, the minister of consular guards, the minister of parliament, the minister of economic feasts, the head of the Hanlin Yuan, the crown prince Taifu, and the president of the Chongguo History Museum, the Three Ries Hall, and the Jade Pavilion.
Ortai
The Yongzheng Dynasty favored four ministers: Li Wei (a native of Jiangsu), Tian Wenjing (a native of Fujian), Zhang Tingyu (a native of Anhui), and Ertai; among them, Li Wei, Tian Wenjing, and Zhang Tingyu were Han Chinese, and Tian Wenjing was a bannerman of the Han Army, which showed that Yongzheng really understood and reused the Han people.
In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), Shanxi and Shaanxi were included in the descendants of "Lehu (official prostitutes)" because they did not attach themselves to Zhu Di in the last year of Ming Jianwen, and Yongzheng ordered that his "Lehu" citizenship be removed and made into a private household, and in September of the same year, he ordered the removal of the "lazy people" of the descendants of those who had opposed Zhu Yuanzhang in Shaoxing and made them a private household, and in April of the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), he ordered that the "Yuehu" citizenship in eastern Guangdong be removed and made a private household.
3. Rectify the administration of officials
In the last years of the Kangxi Dynasty, the financial deficit was serious, and after yongzheng ascended the throne, he vigorously carried out a large inventory of money and grain. He organized a competent leadership group, which was handled by the affairs of Yin Xiang, the thirteenth son of Kangxi, and the affairs of the emperor's uncle Long Keduo, the university scholar Bai Huang, and the Shangshu Zhu Shi. The inventory of deficits is first carried out at the central level. Local inventories are also widespread. Officials who fail to do so are investigated and dealt with. The inventory has improved the finances.
4. Secretly built crown prince
In view of the Kangxi Emperor's failure to pre-establish a crown prince, the Yongzheng Emperor announced the secret depositary law in August of the first year (1703) that the name of his heir Hongli was written well, and the Yongzheng Imperial Pen "Summer Pan boat poem" was placed in the cassette, placed behind the "Zhengda Guangming" plaque of the Qianqing Palace, and taken out of the cassette after his death and read it. He also hid it in the inner house for verification. This method avoided the fierce struggle caused by the prince's struggle for power. Later generations followed him. Improve the secret selection system, that is, when the emperor is in power, he does not publicly announce the heir, but places two edicts with a list of heirs in duplicate behind the "Zhengda Guangming" plaque in the Qianqing Palace and next to the emperor, and after the emperor's death, the chancellors will jointly open the edict to establish a new monarch. This institutionalized the method of succession to the throne, and to a large extent avoided the situation in which the kangxi emperor's princes fell in love with each other in his later years.
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