Jilin Province has a glorious revolutionary history. Before and after the founding of the Communist Party of China, there were advanced intellectuals and party members in Jilin Province who spread Marxism and engaged in revolutionary activities, and under the leadership of the CPC Northern District Committee headed by Li Dazhao, the changchun branch of the CPC, was created. After the September 18 Incident, the people of Jilin took the lead in resisting Japan, and under the leadership of the party, they created the First Route Army of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Army, fought bloody battles under extremely difficult conditions, and composed a heroic song of patriotism. Jilin is an important part of this battlefield, and Yang Jingyu and other martyrs of the Anti-Japanese Coalition martyrdom were martyred on the land of Jilin. Jilin is an important battlefield and frontier base area of the Northeast Liberation War, and major battles such as the four wars and four peaces, the three lower Jiangnan, the four Bao Linjiang, and the three seasons of offensives in summer, autumn, and winter have all been launched in Jilin, and the people of Jilin have made great contributions to the victory of the Northeast Liberation War and the establishment of new China. 2021 is the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, in order to remember the glorious history and inherit the red gene, the Jilin Provincial Women's Federation and the Party History Research Office of the Jilin Provincial Party Committee jointly launched the column "Volunteers Talk about Party History" to relive the glorious course of the CPC's century-long struggle, especially the important historical contributions made by Jilin in the party's centennial struggle, and guide the broad masses of women in the province to learn history clearly, learn history to increase credibility, learn history reverence, and study history.
Click on the audio to hear the volunteers talk about the history of the Party
Further development of cultural, educational, health and other undertakings Audio: 00:00/15:30
Narrator: Ran Haiyi, a student of Jilin Art College
Further development of cultural, educational, health and other undertakings
After the summer offensive, the newly liberated areas were continuously expanded, the old areas were further consolidated, and at the same time, the development of industry, agriculture, and internal and external trade in the base areas began to improve the financial situation. In particular, after the liberation of the whole territory of northeast China, war expenditures have been relatively reduced, and governments at all levels have increased their investment in cultural, educational, and public health undertakings, thus providing favorable conditions for the further development of culture, education, and public health undertakings.
Further development of cultural undertakings In May 1947, the Liaoji Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China established a party newspaper committee, with Guo Feng as secretary. In January 1948, the provincial party committee issued the "Decision on the Revision of the "Victory Newspaper"", requiring the newspaper to achieve localization, massization and popularization, and separated the "People" supplement of the "Victory Newspaper" and published the "Ordinary People's Daily". Tao Zhu, secretary of the provincial party committee, asked the editor-in-chief to make the newspaper easy to understand, so that ordinary people who have just read the script can understand it, and ordinary people who are illiterate can understand it. In accordance with the opinions of the provincial party committee, the newspaper specially set up columns such as "Major Events in the World in one Week" and "Textbooks for the Common People." After the liberation of Siping, Victory Bao ran the "Siping Edition," and after the counties under the Liaoning Second Prefectural Committee were merged into Liaobei Province, the Shengli Bao published the Ludong Edition. In July 1948, the new Liaobei Provincial Party Committee was formally established, and Victory Daily was renamed Liaobei New Daily, and Tao Zhu wrote a new masthead for the newspaper. On May 16, 1949, the Jilin Provincial Cpc Committee held a meeting of the Editorial Committee and decided to change the internal publication of the Provincial Party Committee, "Struggle", to "Jilin Communications", and to change the "Jilin Daily", an organ of the provincial party committee, to "Jilin Workers and Peasants' Daily".
In March 1947, Yanji established the Education Publishing House, and on the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, a total of 296 kinds of textbooks and books were published, with 3.4 million volumes.
After the summer offensive, the repertoire of the Cultural and Labor Troupe of the Jilin Military Region changed from cooperating with the struggle for land reform to reflecting the military struggle. In order to encourage the soldiers and the masses not to be afraid of sacrifice and plunge themselves into the anti-Chiang Kai-shek war, they successively composed and performed such plays as "Down with Chiang Kai-shek," "Commemorating Commander Park," and "Going to the Liberated Areas." The song "The First Sound of Spring Thunder" was composed for the liberation of Jilin City; after the liberation of Changchun, the Jilin Military Region's Cultural and Labor Troupe and the Changchun City Literary and Art Group jointly created and performed the songs "New China Chorus," "The Red Ocean," "The Glorious National Defense Force," and "The Red Lantern Dance." The Yanji Spark Theater Troupe and the Jidong Military Sub-district Cultural and Labor Troupe performed plays such as "Battle of Hujiazhuang", "Little Devil Joins the Army", "A Pair of Shoes", etc., and sang songs such as "My Home is on the Songhua River in Northeast China", "Defending the Yellow River", "For Whom to Take the Gun" and so on. On October 1, 1947, the Jibei Military Sub-district set up a propaganda team, which was active in the Jibei base area together with the Jibei United Chinese Art Work Group. The Yalu River Cultural and Labor Troupe, a cultural and labor troupe directly under the Liaodong Branch, arrived at Meihekou in August 1947 and re-rehearsed "Blood and Tears" and "White Haired Girl", and created and rehearsed "Little Whistle". After the liberation of Siping, the regiment was changed to the Northern Liaoning Cultural and Labor Troupe. In May and June 1947, the Cultural and Labor Troupe of the Political Department of the Second Liaoji Sub-district changed the Peking Opera Troupe of the 88th Division of the Kuomintang 71st Army captured at Gongzhuling into the Outpost Peking Opera Troupe, and from July began to tour Qian'an, Guo Qianqi, Dalai and other places, with traditional Peking operas such as "Forced to Liangshan" and "Fishing and Killing Families". Dalai County set up a climactic literary troupe, rehearsing plays such as the opera "Don't Drag Your Feet", "Hit Nanjing to Catch Chiang Kai-shek Alive", the live newspaper drama "Chiang Kai-shek's End"; the songs sung include "Mother You Are Confused" and "Don't Hurry up to produce." In November 1948, the Changchun Municipal Committee of the Chinese New Democratic Youth League established the Changchun Cultural and Labor Troupe, which successively rehearsed the large-scale opera "Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang", the opera "Brothers and Sisters Opening up the Wasteland", "Husband and Wife Literacy", "Returning home by the land" and so on.
In April 1949, the Northeast Film Studio moved back to Changchun and began to prepare for the development of the new Chinese film industry, and also exported the films "Eight Women Tou Jiang" and "Cho Yiman" to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. In order to meet the demand for films from the masses, cinemas have been built in major cities and counties, and in addition to Chinese films, 48 Soviet films have been screened in major cities such as Changchun and Jilin.
After the summer offensive, the vast rural areas in the liberated areas of the province continued to carry out public education activities in the form of winter schools. In the city, a people's education center was established, which set up a library, a literary and art group, a social education group, a radio station, etc., and was renamed a cultural center before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
Due to the attention and efforts of party organizations and governments at all levels to cultural undertakings, by the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Jilin Province had 163 cultural institutions, including 22 art groups, 21 theaters, 43 cinemas, 11 clubs, 11 film teams, 2 public libraries, 51 cultural centers, and 2 cultural stations. Most of these cultural institutions were established between the autumn of 1948 and September 1949.
In the spring of 1947, in order to win intellectuals to participate in the revolution, the Northeast Bureau decided to strengthen secondary education, and the Jilin, Liaoji, and Liaoning Provincial Party Committees followed this instruction and immediately sent a number of cadres to secondary schools in various localities. In the autumn of the same year, the Northeast Administrative Committee held the first education conference in Northeast China, put forward the task of land reform education, and clearly pointed out that education in Northeast China is mainly secondary education, and the focus of work is to win and transform intellectual youth through ideological transformation; secondly, it is to mobilize the working people to educate themselves, implement "people's office assistance" and "teach the people with the people", and restore and develop primary school education and social education. On 4 September, the Northeast Daily published an editorial entitled "Running Middle Schools as Well as Possible," pointing out that in running middle schools today, it is necessary to combine the educational work of cultivating revolutionary intellectuals with the mass work of winning over the broad masses of students, to turn the reformed thinking into a mass movement, and the provincial and county leading organs must give guidance and assistance to the ideological education plan for the transformation of the middle schools under their leadership.
The Jilin, Liaoning, Liaoning provincial party committees, and provincial governments have all paid necessary attention to education work. From February 8 to 12, 1947, the Jilin Provincial Secondary and North Korean Secondary Education Conference was held in Yanji No. 1 Middle School. The meeting determined that the educational policy of secondary schools is: Focus on cultivating junior cadres, schools should integrate with society, actively participate in social activities, help government work, combine education with production, constantly transform the content of education, transform the thinking of teachers and students, and realize democratic centralism. By the end of 1948, there were 43 public high schools and junior high schools in Jilin Province, with 17,989 students and 939 teaching staff; there were 3,422 public and private primary schools, with 424256 students and 11,768 teaching staff. There are more than 440,000 middle and primary school students, accounting for 9% of the province's 4.57 million population.
After the liberation of Changchun, the municipal party committee and the municipal government did their best to develop middle and primary schools and social education, and the Northeast Administrative Committee allocated a total of more than 5,358 million yuan for the construction of school buildings. By the end of 1949, there were 8 secondary schools with 567 teaching staff and 8276 students, and 115 primary schools with 38176 students. In terms of social education, the campaign to eradicate illiteracy was carried out in the cities targeting workers and in the rural areas targeting peasants. In 1949, three or four night schools for workers were organized, and more than 3460 workers were organized to attend night schools, and 11 night schools for the masses, with more than 1400 people participating in the study.
Between July 1947 and October 1948, the Liaobei Provincial Government held three provincial education conferences to formulate measures to strengthen cultural and educational work. The first is to set up teacher training classes to strengthen ideological education for teachers and improve the political and professional quality of the contingent of teachers; the second is to restore schools that have been closed down and suspended; the third is to set up 6 middle schools in Taonan, Baichengzi, Dalai, Liaoyuan, Tongliao, and Buyeo, and all counties have also successively established joint middle schools, county middle schools, or peasant normal classes, and gradually achieved the goal of running complete primary schools in counties and primary schools in district centers.
In May 1948, Liaobei Province began to organize the Provincial Liaobei College in Siping, which officially opened in July. Yan Baohang, chairman of the Liaoning Provincial Government, is also the dean, and the college has 4 undergraduate departments and 4 preparatory classes in education, finance and economics, agriculture, and literature. On the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the second phase of enrollment has trained more than 1,700 talents of all kinds. In July 1948, Northeastern University merged with Jilin University to form Northeastern University (renamed Northeast Normal University after the founding of the People's Republic of China), located in Jilin City, with President Zhang Ruxin, Vice President Zhang Dexin, and Education Director He Xilin. In April 1949, Northeastern University moved to Changchun. The Jilin Provincial CPC Committee also set up a higher school in Yanji for the training of Korean cadres, Yanbian University, under the circumstance of very difficult financial difficulties, and changed the Changchun Industrial Research Institute into the Northeast Science Research Institute.
Attracting college and middle school students from the enemy-occupied areas to study in the Liberated Areas is a special field of education in the Liberated Areas. In May 1947, the Changchun Working Committee founded Changchun College in Jiutai, with Feng Zhongyun as the dean. In March 1948, the Liaoji Provincial Party Committee opened a youth training class in Zhengjiatun. Through short-term training, the young students in the Kuomintang area were not only able to get rid of the "orthodox concept" and join the ranks of the anti-Chiang Kai-shek struggle, but also prepared grass-roots cadres for the construction of new China.
Before 1948, the health work in the Liberated Areas of Northeast China was based on the general principle of supporting the war and serving the war, and the Northeast Administrative Committee had not yet established a leading body for health work, only a health department under the Civil Affairs Committee, and the work was limited to collecting materials and formulating plans, that is, only military medical care, no civil medical care. After the victory of the winter offensive, civilian health care work was put on the agenda. In July 1948, according to the Interim Regulations on Health Organizations and Institutions at All Levels in Northeast China promulgated by the Northeast Administrative Committee, a health department was established in Jilin Province, and because of the plague that had occurred in Northern Liaoning Province, the Health and Epidemic Prevention Committee was still maintained, and there was no health department for the time being. Changchun was one of the first cities in northeast China to set up a health bureau during the Liberation War. There are health departments in counties, but due to the lack of health cadres, most county health departments have not been established.
In 1949, in order to improve medical conditions, the Northeast People's Government established Changchun Medical University in Changchun, a school for health cadres in Jilin Province, and a nurse midwifery school in municipal hospitals in jilin and Changchun. In the factory, in cooperation with the Ministry of Industry of the Northeast People's Government, the health care work of the factory was improved. In rural areas, rural health care is carried out and sanitation is cleaned up. At the same time, rural midwives are trained, the old midwives are transformed, and the problem of "giving birth to children and not being able to support them" is solved. The Northeast People's Government has also established a sanitary technology factory in Changchun, and Baichengzi has also built a sanitary technology factory.
In June 1948, the Northeast Administrative Committee learned the bitter lesson of the outbreak of severe plague in more than 20 counties in Liaoji in the second half of 1947, and established the Joint Epidemic Prevention Command Headquarters of 3 provinces and 1 district in Nenjiang, Liaobei, Rehe and Inner Mongolia in Zhengjiatun . The headquarters has set up 3 epidemic prevention stations and 1 mobile epidemic prevention station in Tongliao, Chifeng and Baichengzi, equipped with 5 epidemic prevention trains. Liaobei Province has set up an epidemic prevention team of 120 people, with 4 detachments under it, and an epidemic prevention team of 10 to 30 people has been set up in each county in the epidemic area. The railway department has also set up an epidemic prevention station, and the Northeast Railway General Bureau has set up an epidemic prevention main station in Harbin, with 5 sub-stations, one of which is located in Jilin City. In 1949, the epidemic prevention station and team were expanded and handed over to the management of the provinces, and Jilin Province set up an epidemic prevention station in Buyeo. In the autumn of the same year, the Northeast People's Government established a plague prevention and control institute in Changchun. After the establishment of these institutions, a large number of epidemic prevention personnel have been trained. The baichengzi health technology plant also improved its ability to produce plague vaccines, producing 8 million copies in 1948 and 10 million in 1949, which played a positive preventive role. In 1948, there was another outbreak of plague in the Baicheng area, with 5497 cases and 3972 deaths, much lower than in 1947. In 1949, the number of plague infected people was 445 and the number of deaths was 272, which was far lower than that of 1948, indicating that the medical level of the health and epidemic prevention system had been raised from passive prevention and control of plague to active control of plague, laying a preliminary foundation for epidemic prevention work after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
With the development of epidemic prevention work, health quarantine work has gradually been carried out. In April 1949, the Ministry of Health of the Northeast People's Government set up border quarantine offices in Tumen and Ji'an, which were handed over to the leadership of the Jilin and Liaodong provincial governments in August. The railway department has also set up sanitary quarantine stations, and a total of 25 have been set up in the northeast region, of which 8 are located in Jilin Province, Changchun, Tonghua, Baichengzi, Siping, Guoqianqi, Meihekou, Tumen and other stations.
From the liberation of Jilin Province in October 1948 to the founding of New China in October 1949, in just one year, the province's cultural, educational, and health work has made great progress, and has played an important role in improving the people's material and cultural life.
This article is excerpted from the History of Jilin of the Communist Party of China, Volume I.
Party History Research Office of the Cpc Jilin Provincial Committee / Author v