"In China, how can teachers and parents not read Tao Xingzhi?" This year marks the 130th anniversary of Tao Xingzhi's birth and the 75th anniversary of his death. Mao Zedong called him a "great people's educator", and he put forward educational propositions such as "life is education", "teaching is one", "society is school", etc., which are of extraordinary significance and far-reaching influence on Chinese education theory and educational practice.
When the "double reduction" policy is promulgated and implemented, how families, schools and society work together to enhance the value of young children's lives is an important topic and practical proposition facing educators. On October 16th, the Baoshan District Bureau of Culture and Tourism, together with Duoyun Academy, commemorated Tao Xingzhi with a theme salon on the theme of "Education is Life - How Do We Do True Education Today" in the book fragrance of "Top of Shanghai" on the 52nd floor of Shanghai Center, and discussed how to inherit and carry forward Tao Xingzhi's spirit and thought in today's era background.
Tao Xingzhi and Shanghai Baoshan have a deep fate. In 1914, Tao Xingzhi went to sea from The Wusong Wharf in Baoshan to study in the United States. In 1917, after returning to China, he taught at Nanjing Higher Normal College and founded Xiaozhuang Normal School. In April 1930, Xiaozhuang Normal School was closed by Chiang Kai-shek's government, Tao Xingzhi took refuge in Shanghai, fled to Japan from Shanghai, and sneaked back to Shanghai in the spring of 1931, after which he carried out educational, social and cultural activities in Shanghai and brewed new educational reforms.
From May to August 1932, Tao Xingzhi's educational novel "Ancient Temple Bell Ringing Record" was serialized in the "Declaration", telling the story of bell ringers who set up engineering groups through temple production and benefiting the villagers, explaining Tao Xingzhi's idea of life education, putting forward educational views such as "society is the school, life is education" and "teaching is one", and for the first time put forward the idea of establishing an engineering group. His idea was later realized in the village of Dachang in Baoshan.
The idea of creating education is an important part of Tao Xingzhi's "theory of life education", and the so-called creation of education is to cultivate the spirit of innovation and the ability to create. "Mr. Xingzhi believes that 'children are creative' is 'the essence of the talents passed down by thousands of ancestors, at least after 500,000 years of struggle with environmental adaptation', and it needs to be fully developed through careful cultivation of the day after tomorrow." Zhou Hongyu, a professor at the School of Education of Central China Normal University, said.
"Tao Xingzhi's influence in the basic education sector is greater than in the higher education sector, in fact, Mr. Tao Xingzhi's first educational experience in returning to China was in the university, and he also did a good job." Du Chengxian, a professor at the Department of Education of East China Normal University, gave two examples that are little known to the public: First, the "Reform of curriculum case" proposed by Tao Xingzhi when he was the director of the Nanjing Higher Normal School in 1918, which planned to implement the "subject selection system" and the "credit system", suggesting that the courses students studied were divided into two categories: compulsory and optional, and students could take courses in other disciplines (interdisciplinary), and students' grades were calculated by credits. The curriculum was adopted in 1920. This reform led the trend of China's university curriculum reform, which was gradually accepted by the whole country and is still the basic teaching management system of the university. Second, the expression of the word "teaching" that we commonly use is not always there, but Tao Xingzhi first proposed to use "teaching" to express "the common activities of teachers' teaching and students' learning". Tao Xingzhi felt that in Chinese schools, "Mr. only manages to teach, students only manage to be taught", and there is a serious disconnect between teachers' teaching and students' learning, so he proposed to change the "teaching method" to "teaching method" to strengthen the connection between teaching and learning and highlight the status of students' learning. The words "teaching" and "professor" are changed, and the concepts expressed are completely different.
Zhou Hongyu stressed the importance of the home-school social collaborative education mechanism. He believes that schools should conscientiously perform their duties of teaching and educating people, actively communicate with parents, and transmit scientific educational concepts; the parents or other guardians of minors are the first responsible persons for family education, and should establish a correct family education concept and consciously learn family education knowledge; curb extramural teaching and auxiliary institutions that aim to promote test-taking education.
Referring to Tao Xingzhi's criticism of the "murderous examination", Du Chengxian proposed that Mr. Tao criticized the unreasonable examination, not the examination itself. "Today, there are still situations that Tao Xingzhi criticized in those years, and the key is to seriously consider the questions of 'why to test', 'what to test', and 'how to test.'"
"Tao Xingzhi opposes the 'examination of killing', but he advocates the 'examination of creation'. What is the test of creation? For example, today we have a new set of evaluation methods to evaluate schools, evaluate schools, evaluate teachers, evaluate principals, and evaluate students. Zhou Hongyu said.
Tao Xingzhi believes that children's creativity is not taught, and it is first necessary to remove all kinds of shackles on children, which is what he calls "liberation". The so-called liberation is not to let children follow adults, but adults join the ranks of children and "create with children." While liberating children, educators must provide nutrition, cultivate good habits, teach according to their aptitudes, and cultivate carefully. Writer Wu Binrong described the different attitudes and words and deeds of educators that he saw as an education observer have different impacts on children's development, "I heard a voice that says that in China, how can teachers not read Tao Xingzhi? I would like to add that parents should also read Tao Xingzhi. ”
"Tao Xingzhi's famous 'six great liberations, that is, liberating a child's brain so that he can think; liberating a child's hands so that he can do it; liberating a child's eyes so that he can see; liberating a child's mouth so that he can talk; liberating a child's space so that he can go to nature and the greater society to obtain richer learning; liberating a child's time, not filling in the curriculum, not forcing him to rush to the examination, having some time to digest what he has learned, and learning a little of the knowledge that he is eager to learn, and doing something that he is happy to do." Du Chengxian said: How to do true education involves an understanding of true education. "Education is like agriculture, not industry, there is no standardized product manufacturing process, but to create an environment that allows a seed to germinate, grow leaves, blossom, and bear fruit." Tao Xingzhi once said that education cannot create anything, but education can inspire, liberate and develop children's creativity. The so-called liberation is to do subtraction education. Don't think that you are adding anything to your children, but subtracting and lifting all kinds of constraints on your children, such an education was pursued by Tao Xingzhi at that time, and it is still worth pursuing today's educators. ”
Column Editor-in-Chief: Shi Chenlu Text Editor: Shi Chenlu
Source: Author: Shi Chenlu