Tibet is in the southwest of China. The Tibetan ancestors who lived here were associated with the Han chinese living in the Central Plains as far back as B.C. Later, after a long period of time, the many scattered tribes on the Tibetan plateau gradually unified and became the current Tibetans. By the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), the Tibetan and Chinese sides formed a politically united and friendly relationship through marriages and alliances between the royal families, established close economic and cultural ties, and laid a deep foundation for the eventual establishment of a unified state.
In the Potala Palace in Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region, a statue of Princess Wencheng, who married the Tibetan Tubo king in 641 AD, has been enshrined. On the square in front of the Jokhang Temple stands the "Tang Dynasty Alliance Monument" established in 823 for the alliance between the two sides, and the inscription records, "The two masters of the uncle and nephew, the deliberative society is as one, and the Yamato Covenant is formed, and there will never be a replacement!" God and man have been known, and have been praised by generations. ”
Songtsen Gampo (617—650)
Songtsen Gampo (617-650) Tubo Zampu reigned for 21 years. He succeeded to the throne at the age of thirteen, fought against rebellion, and avoided a crisis of division. He then surrendered to subordination and sheep and expanded his rule. Dingdu Luo (present-day Lhasa), created writing, established the legal system, unified taxation, and adopted the calendar. Develop agriculture and animal husbandry; take the initiative to work with Tang Tongcheng and marry Princess Wencheng; send the sons of nobles to Chang'an to study and absorb advanced feudal culture; advocate and protect Buddhism. During his reign, Tang and China had harmonious relations and close economic and cultural exchanges. In 649, he was made a lieutenant by Tang and the king of Xihai County.
Princess Wencheng
Princess Wencheng (?-680) was the chambermaid of Emperor Taizong of Tang. In the eighth year of Zhenguan (634), Tubo Zangpu Songzan Gampo took the throne and sent envoys to propose marriage. In the fifteenth year, Emperor Taizong ordered Shangshu of the Rebbe and Li Daozong, the king of Jiangxia County, to marry and escort the princess into Tibet with a festival. Songzan led his troops to Baihai (present-day Zhaling Lake, Qinghai) to greet Heyuan. When entering Tibet, he carried gold and silver utensils, silk, construction technology and medical books, and craftsmen, so that the advanced production technology and culture of the Han nationality were introduced to Tibet in large quantities. It has played a certain role in promoting the development of tibetan society and promoting friendly relations between the Han and Tibetan peoples.
Tang Fanhui Alliance Monument
The Tang Dynasty Alliance Monument, also known as the "Changqinghui Alliance Monument", "Nephew and Alliance Monument", was three years after Tang Muzong Changqing, because Tubo Zampu Songzan Gampo and Renunciation Shing Zan successively married Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng of the Tang Dynasty, and Tubo Zangpu Zu dezan was erected in front of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, Tibet. In the inscription, Tubo Zampu Keli Kezu called himself a nephew and called Tang Muzong an uncle. The stele is in the shape of a square pillar, with a stone hat on it, and the stele is surrounded by two languages, Chinese and Tibetan, recording the brief history of the friendly relations between the Tang Dynasty and Tibet and the history of the alliance and its significance. This stele is a physical evidence of the unity and friendship of the Han and Tibetan nationalities, and is also an important cultural relic for the study of the official system, language and religion of Tibetan society.
For more than four hundred years from the Five Dynasties to the Southern Song Dynasty, Tibetan society was in a situation of fragmentation and fragmentation. In 842, the Tubo Dynasty was divided and disintegrated due to royal strife and the scuffle between tribes and frontiers, and many local forces that did not belong to each other appeared. They were on one side, fighting each other, and the war was continuous. Among them, the four separatist forces of the Lhasa royal family, the Ali royal family, the Yaze royal family, and the YalongJue'a royal family were called the four major royal families, and the four royal families continued to split, and more power groups appeared. For example, the Ladakh and Gurg kings are two branches that are separated from the Ali family. In addition, the Tubo generals who were originally stationed in the Ganqing area also formed their own forces and fought with each other.
In 1189, Temujin was elected chief of the Mongol clan. After eighteen years of conquest, the Mongol departments in the eastern steppe were finally unified. In 1206 Temujin was elected Genghis Khan by various ministries and founded the Mongol Khanate. The Mongol cavalry, under the command of Genghis Khan, carried out a large-scale military expansion, successively defeating the Western Xia and Jin Dynasties, attacking Huarazm, defeating the Russian allies, and establishing the four khanates of Chincha, Chahetai, Wokoutai and Yi'er in the vast territory conquered.
After the death of Genghis Khan, Wokoutai, Möngke, and Kublai Khan succeeded him as Great Khan. They successively destroyed the Jin Dynasty, suppressed Dali, submitted Tubo to Shun, conquered the Southern Song Dynasty, conquered various divided regimes and regions, and realized the great cause of reunification. In 1271, Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in Dadu (present-day Beijing), becoming the first ethnic minority ruling regime in Chinese history to be established nationwide. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, China has gradually developed into a unified multi-ethnic state; the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty has further accelerated the historical process of ethnic integration. The unprecedented unification of the Yuan Dynasty has had a profound impact on Chinese history and is also the outstanding contribution made by the Mongolian nation to the creation of our great motherland.
The Southern Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Western Xia, Western Liao, Mongolia, Dali, etc. were jointly established
So how did Tubo return to the Yuan Dynasty and officially become an inalienable part of China's territory?
The Mongol prince Eqin Kuoduan (the second son of the second Great Mongol Khan (Emperor Taizong of Yuan) Wo Kuotai), who was stationed in Liangzhou (present-day Wuwei, Gansu), wanted to make Tubo submissive by peaceful means, so he sent his ministry to investigate the tibetan monks of various tibetan sects and find suitable Tubo people to negotiate.
Dadanapo reported to Kuttawan: "In the border area of Tibet, the Sangha is the largest of the Kadam sects, the most face-saving is the Dharma Lord of Dalong, the most prestigious is the Kyo-O of the Zhigong Sect, and the most proficient in teachings is Sakya Panzhida. (The Chronicle of the Kings of Tibet). Kuduan wrote back: "There is no power and prestige in this world that can surpass Genghis Khan," and what is beneficial to future lives is the teachings, which are the most important, so Sakya Panzhida should be invited." Dadao Evil Wave arrived at Sakya Monastery with a broad letter of invitation and generous gifts to meet Saban.
Liangzhou White Pagoda Temple
It can be said that the choice of broad end is very correct, although Saban's religious activities are mainly centered on the Sakya Monastery in Tibet, but it also has great prestige and influence in the former Tibetan area, and it is most appropriate to invite Sakya Panzhida to Liangzhou to discuss the issue of Tibet's belonging.
In 1244, Saban took a great vow and resolutely accepted the invitation to Liangzhou for talks. He first sent the then 11-year-old Basipa and the 6-year-old Hana Dorji's second nephew to Liangzhou to show their sincerity in peace talks, and then did everything possible to unify Tibet's internal understanding. When he passed through Shigatse and arrived in Qianzang via Yangbajing, religious leaders and local forces of various sects such as Zhigongpa, Choipa, and Dalongpa came to see him, and they reached a consensus on the matter of submitting to Mongolia and each gave a generous gift to Saban, hoping that Saban would go to Liangzhou to talk about supporting him in terms of religion.
In August 1246, Saban finally reached Liangzhou in his old age (he was 65 years old at the time) and a difficult journey. The arrival of Saban established direct political ties between tibetan sects, local forces and the Mongol royal family.
Saban statue
When Saban and his party arrived in Liangzhou, it coincided with The Celebration of Guiyu's succession to the Throne of the Great Khan and went to Mongolia. During this period, Saban preached the Dharma in Liangzhou, teaching the Sakya teachings of Tibetan Buddhism to the followers of all ethnic groups, so that the Sakya teachings were gradually spread in Domai and Mongolia; at the same time, Saban also administered medicines to the local people to cure diseases, pray for blessings and luck, and was deeply respected and loved by the people of Liangzhou, and was revered as a "god man".
In early 1247, Saban held far-reaching historical talks with Kuroduan in Liangzhou "for the benefit of the Dharma and all sentient beings, especially for the benefit of all those who speak the language" (Letter to the People of Bo), and agreed on the conditions for Tibet's belonging. Among them, the leaders of the monks and lay people in Tibet presented atlases to the Mongol Khanate, paid tributes, and accepted the appointment of officials to govern; while the Mongols guaranteed and maintained the original powers and status of the monks and lay leaders in various parts of Tibet, and formally appointed and ennobled corresponding official positions. In his capacity as a Buddhist leader, Saban wrote a letter conveying these conditions to the leaders of the various tibetan ministries, advising them to understand the times, take into account the overall situation, and for the sake of the long-term interests of Buddhism and the Tibetans, they should abandon their intention of armed resistance and submit to Mongolia according to the agreed conditions. This is the famous Sakya Panzhida To the Man. Since then, for the first time, Tibet has officially become an inalienable part of China's territory in the form of law.
Saban with broad-ended image
The principle of peaceful reunification of Tibet determined by the Liangzhou talks put an end to the separatist and chaotic situation in Tibet that has lasted for nearly 400 years and created a political pattern in which the central dynasty and the Localities in Tibet rely on each other and rely on each other. This successful historical experience has been used by successive central governments and has far-reaching historical influence.
In 1251, the 70-year-old Saban died peacefully in Liangzhou, and Kuaoduan held a grand mourning service for him, and built a high 16-year-old (about 35.28 meters) lingku pagoda for him in the White Pagoda Temple. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Saban Ling Bone Pagoda and the White Pagoda Temple were destroyed in the war, and were rebuilt and repaired in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and were destroyed in a major earthquake in 1927. Now, next to the remnants of the Ling bone pagoda, the White Pagoda Temple has been restored again. The people of all ethnic groups in Liangzhou have not forgotten this great man who has made historic contributions to the great cause of the reunification of the motherland and the unity of the nationalities, and the Xiuta Yanzhi and the White Pagoda Monastery have also become another historical witness to Tibet's formal inclusion in the territory of the motherland.
White Pagoda Temple
Since then, with the continued efforts of Saban's successor Ba Sipa and the ancestor of the Yuan dynasty, Kublai Khan, the Yuan Dynasty has established many administrative systems for Tibet, and the Mongolian, Han, Tibetan and other ethnic groups have begun to form a political alliance for common economic and cultural prosperity. Since then, despite successive changes in central political power, the close and integrated relationship between The Tibetan region and the motherland has not changed; the reunification of the motherland and the unity of the nationalities, although they have been baptized by the vicissitudes of the storm, are still strong today.
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan (1215-1294), founder of the Yuan Dynasty. Grandson of Genghis Khan. He reigned from 1260 to 1294. In 1252-1253, he went south from Gansu to destroy Dali and surrendered Tubo. In 1260, he took the throne of the Great Khan in Kaiping, and the era name was Zhongtong. Later, he established dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1267 and launched a war against the Song Dynasty in the same year. In 1271, the name of the country was yuan. In 1276, Emperor Gong of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhao Xian, demoted yuan, and three years later destroyed the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty to unify the country. During his reign, he implemented the strategy of governing the country and the people, legislating, zhenggang discipline, heavy agriculture, and rejuvenating water conservancy, so that the social economy and economy in the early Yuan Dynasty could be restored and developed; among them, the provincial system had a far-reaching impact; he opened up his speech, adopted the hanchen advice, targeted the barbaric massacre of the Mongolian nobles, and issued three orders and five shens to "surrender and not kill" policy, because of the benevolent government to obstruct the killing, social and ethnic contradictions changed, and consolidated the yuan dynasty's rule. The temple number is the ancestor, who died at the age of 79.
The talks between Kuoduan and SabanLiangzhou are major events in China's history, the history of ethnic relations, the history of Tibetans, and the history of the development of Tibetan Buddhism, and are an important symbol of the development of historical relations between Tibet and the motherland. The success of the Liangzhou talks has brought the Tibet region closely together with the Central Plains, and the centripetal force and cohesion of the Chinese nation have enabled this unbreakable relationship of unity to be consolidated and developed step by step. The Liangzhou talks are the outstanding contributions made by the Mongolian and Tibetan nationalities in China to jointly create the history of the motherland and develop Chinese culture. It is a typical example of the Chinese nation jointly creating the history of the motherland.