Black pearl cherries are known as excellent strains of five-skin cherries due to their purple-red skin when ripe. Excellent quality, strong adaptability, high early yield.
1 Biological characteristics
1. 1 Economic characteristics of fruits
The fruit is large, nearly round, with a papillae on the top. The average fruit weight is 4.0 g, the maximum is 6.2 g, semi-nucleated, the edible rate is 90.3%, the cortex is thick, the wax layer is thick, the background color is red, the color is purple red, and when ripe it is purple-black, bright as a pearl. The meat is soft, orange-yellow, liquid, contains 18.6% soluble garden-like substances, 17.4% sugar, 1.3% acid, sweet and rich, medium aroma and extremely high quality.
1. 2 Growing Habits
The canopy is wide, the trees are moderate, the budding force is strong, the branching force is medium, and the latent bud life is long, which is conducive to regeneration. The main result is short and medium-sized fruit branches and flower-shaped fruit branches under 25 cm, while long branches are only in the middle and upper parts. The formation of fruit buds, there are many long fruit branches in young trees. The buds are solitary and precocious. Crown and fruit branches form rapidly. The flower bud differentiation period in Chongqing is from May to August every year. Flowers are easy to form and the number of flowers is large. The self-flowering rate was 64.7%.
1. 3 Phenology
From the end of January to the beginning of February, it sprouts in Chongqing and blooms from mid to late February. The fruit ripens in mid-April. Fruit branching of high-yielding trees usually stops growing in mid-April and enters the bud differentiation phase. Leave at the end of the month.
1. 4 Flexibility and adaptability
Black pearl cherries are bred in the high temperature and humidity of The Chongqing region. They have strong environmental adaptability and strong disease resistance. It does not split the fruit and drops it very lightly before harvesting. At present, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan, Henan, Shaanxi and other places have introduced species and performed well.
2 High yield cultivation techniques
2. 1 Nation-building
2. 1. 1 garden selection and land improvement. Black pearl cherries are like sunlight and are not tolerant of waterlogging or drought. It is recommended to choose lighting, drainage and deep soil slope. Sandy loam soils with a pH of 5.5-7 are best. If the garden is built on flat or clay floors, care should be taken to drainage ditches and soil improvements. One month before sowing, the ditch can be widened by 80 to 100crn and as deep as 60 to 80crn to improve the soil, divided into human skin and crop straw phosphate fertilizer, pig manure, etc., to achieve the design density, and then reaming the soil every year.
2.1.2 Seedling colonization and density. In the southern region, it is possible to sow from September to February each year, but September to October is better, while in the northern region, it is suitable for sowing in February to March after spring. Use short, dense plants with row spacing of 1.5 m × 3.0 m. Black pearl cherries have a high self-flowering rate and are not suitable for pollination. However, for a more reliable yield, you can grow pollinators in a 1:8 ratio. The current pollinator varieties are mainly Da Hong Pao cherry. When sowing, add a sufficient amount of rooting water and pour in. After full penetration, lay a fine layer of niob on the tree support, and finally cover the tree holder with weeds with a diameter of 1.0 m (thickness 2 to 5 crn) to maintain soil moisture.
2. 2 Soil, fertilizer and water management
2. 2. Fertilizer and water management in 1 young garden (1 to 2 years after planting). The young black pearl cherry tree grows fast and flowers easily. In order to achieve early maturation and high yields, the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened at the time of sowing, so that it can quickly form a fertile canopy
2. 2. 2 Fertilizer and water management in high yield gardens. Dense plantations enter the third year and enter the high yield period, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be properly controlled and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer applied. Fertilization 3 times a year: the first germination fertilizer in late January, potassium fertilizer fertilization once to facilitate fruit absorption and swelling, nitrogen fertilizer per 667m2 can be applied pig manure 3600kg, urea 40kg, potassium sulfate 30kg; After the second application in early May, the tree momentum and flower bud differentiation should be restored, and nutrients should be provided, mainly nitrogen, which can be fertilized by 4400 kg and urea by 30 kg. The third application of base fertilizer in late September, mainly organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, accumulate nutrients for next year's growth, can fertilize pig manure 5000 kg, calcium superphosphate 80 kg.
2 2. 3 Orchard farming and water management. The orchard is planted once a year in the winter, and from March to October, the weeds in the row are weed 2 to 3 times a year. From March to April, weeds or crop stalks cover trees and rows. During a 5-day drought, proper irrigation should be carried out to keep the soil moist to reduce fruit rupture. 9 Combined fertilization and reaming to improve the soil and press into weeds and other organic matter in the garden. From May to August, pay attention to drainage and reduce soil moisture to promote bud differentiation and control the canopy.
2. 3 plastic trim
2. 3.1 Cosmetic surgery. Since it is a high-gloss tree species, it is best to use small crowns and sparse plastic surgery in dense plantations and to reshape them within 2 to 3 years. The plastic surgery method is: leave the plant 40 to 60 cm and dry it in the year of planting, select the upright and vigorous branches as the central trunk, and select another 4 branches as the main branches of the first layer, and choose 2 to 4 branches as the supplementary branches. When the main branch is 30cm, select the top branch to promote the branch, and then select the extended branch. The angle of the main branch is adjusted in early July so that it forms a 70-80 degree angle with the main trunk. The apex of the auxiliary branches is at 15-20 cm to promote the branches, and in early May the angle is adjusted to grow horizontally to form bouquet-shaped short fruit branches. Combined from July to August, chemical control and moisture control measures promote flower bud differentiation. In the second spring cut, leave a short cut distance of 60 cm on the central stem, plant a second layer of side branches, and cultivate 3 main branches and 2 auxiliary feeding branches in the same way. Use the same method to cultivate the third layer of the main branch, leaving 2 main branches. Formed within 3 years, the height of the tree is controlled between 2 and 2.5 m.
2. 3.2 Pruning. In the juvenile stage, it is mainly summer pruning. You can pluck the branches of the branches in the summer to promote the formation of short and medium branches. In winter sheep shearing, long-lasting release is mainly used to promote bouquets. Shaped fruit branches. High-yielding trees are mainly winter shears, using sparse shears and shrinkage to improve the lighting and ventilation conditions of the trees, so that the outside is thinner and the interior does not remain thinner. At the same time, retract the branches that extend between the rows to maintain a ventilated light transmission belt of about 80 cm between the rows. Internal long branches are retained as appropriate. Twisted and picked in summer, renewable branches. The picked buds are solitary and must be selected as pruning during short pruning periods.
2. 4 Flower and fruit management
2. 4.1 Crown Control and Flower Promotion. Crown control and flower promotion are key to successful planting of lush gardens. It can be carried out from May to August using chemical and agricultural techniques. Fertilize, ditch and drain to keep the orchard properly dry; open upright branches and corners and toppings from June to August
2. 4. 2 Preservation and fruit thinning. The method of preservation and fruit preservation is: proper planting of pollinated varieties, bees flowering and spraying 0.1% borax + 0 2% urea + 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate mixture l ~ 2 times when flowering. After the first physiological fruit drop occurs in late March, dilute fruit can be carried out, mainly to eliminate insect fruits, diseased fruits and deformed fruits.
2. 4. 3 Prevent fruit from splitting and fruit from falling before harvest. Fruit splitting and chestnut preconditions are the main reasons for the low yield of cherries in the southern region. Black pearl cherries still have a small amount of fruit splitting and pre-harvest fruit drops in years with uneven rainfall, irrigation can be used during droughts, trees and rows of grass can be covered with grass, phosphorus and potassium sprayed during the fruiting period, and potassium fertilizer is added in early spring.
3 Pest control
3.1 Deworming
Pests mainly include heart-eating insects, peach aphids, mulberry white scales, boat-shaped caterpillars and so on. Insecticides such as dofenthrin, imidacloprid, quick-killing agents and thalidomide can be selected.
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