【Introduction】The 155th Wenhui Lecture Hall was successfully held on June 26, and the keynote speaker Professor Shi Lei of Fudan University gave a lecture on "From a Hundred Wastes to a Breakthrough - Our Party's Difficult Exploration and Theoretical Summary of the Economy", the question session was hot, nearly 300 listeners, 11 people got the opportunity to ask questions, and the quality of the questions was quite high. Now it is sorted out and published in upper and lower parts, and the first part focuses on "three rural areas" and homesteads. For the highlights, please click on the link at the end of the article
How long is the primary stage of socialism? Leave it to practice to answer, and practice will be further improved
Lei Zheng, an enterprise employee: The Party put forward the theory of the primary stage of socialism at the 13th National Congress, what role does it play in the process of our Party's economic exploration?
Shi Lei: This problem can be divided into two levels. The first is the importance of the Thirteenth Congress. Deng Xiaoping once made it clear that the report of the Thirteenth National Congress is the crystallization of the wisdom of the whole party and the common decision of the whole party. So we don't shy away from it now. What is the most important part of this crystallization? It involves two major breakthroughs in the primary stage and the market economic system. After that, there was also a lot of discussion about the primary stage, and one view was that the primary stage was not a concept of time, and if it was a concept of time, how long would the primary stage be? We leave it to practice.
Economics and management never easily predict what will happen in 15 years, because the time span is long, and there are far more uncertain factors than determined factors. Since it is difficult for us to grasp the length of the primary stage in time, we follow the spirit of practice. Our reforms have been on the road for a long time, and the socialist road, at least so far, has not seen its inexhaustibility. We keep going, as long as we continue to innovate and develop, we will always have green trees. Therefore, how long the primary stage is in the sense of time, we can not answer, can only be left to time to deal with, this is a realistic statement.
Second, if it is a difference in degree, the primary stage of socialism means that there are still many imperfections in terms of the system, the level of development of the productive forces, the ability to allocate resources and the coordination of various social relations, especially in the ability of social governance and the social governance system.
People-oriented thinking is the foundation of the philosophy of governance but does not avoid democracy, and the essence of democracy is to emphasize the balance of power
Simultaneous interpretation of Niu Xulin: At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, we were in a difficult stage of exploration, whether it was economic or political, we all adhered to the principle of people-oriented, which was determined by the nature of the socialist system and the Communist Party. So, at the current stage of further development, how should we strengthen democracy in the political and economic fields, so that it can form a positive interaction with people-oriented thinking and further promote the development of our country?
Shi Lei: Deriving democracy from the people's foundation is a very good logical extension. People-oriented thinking is not only mentioned in the past, done in the past, still mentioned and still done, and is being strengthened, such as the equalization of basic public services. The standardization of basic public services has recently been proposed. The big country system and the big party must have their own political philosophy, and if there is no political philosophy, it will fluctuate, resulting in differences from person to person and from sector to sector. In order to keep the basic concept of governance unchanged for a long time, and the basic concept of people's livelihood and people-oriented can be adhered to for a long time, it is necessary to have a basic value philosophy to dominate it.
From this point of view, we can combine many of these policies that are being implemented and need to be further improved, and the people-oriented can lead to democracy. Since we emphasize the people-oriented nature, we should not avoid democracy. But unfortunately, the word democracy is being interpreted more and more diversely in the world, sometimes understood as doing whatever you want, as a way to reflect individual autonomy. Sometimes it is understood as one person and one vote for everything. Analyzing the behavior of these two stages, on the surface, there seems to be nothing wrong with emphasizing the self, but the problem is that when the emphasis on self-alienation is reduced to "doing whatever you want", it inadvertently damages the democratic rights of others, and this democracy and the individual are not the same thing. We stress that our sovereignty cannot undermine the rights of others.
We can also discuss this issue from the contract theory in the modern Enlightenment thought movement, such as Montesquieu's theory of separation of powers and Rousseau's contract theory, which actually constrains power with power, emphasizing the balance of power; the classical political philosopher Hobbes also emphasized this principle. Each of us has our own rights that are right, right, and need to be respected, but it is not feasible to achieve self-interest beyond the rights of the individual.
In this sense, the construction of a socialist democratic system with Chinese characteristics, such as a deliberative democracy system, can avoid the drawbacks of one person, one vote. If everything were implemented with one person, one vote, the cost would be very high and inefficient. When democracy reaches the point of total inefficiency, let's look back and see if the one-person-one-vote mechanism is appropriate on many occasions. I have used the basis of game theory to make a model, and the results have proved that our Party's democratic centralism is correct.
How can China continue to take the road of internationalization? Learn in practice and seek balance in many points
Zhou Liang, an employee of a private enterprise: A huge problem facing Chinese enterprises now is to take the road of internationalization, but this international road is also very difficult to take. In your opinion, what are the main problems we face? What impact will it have on us? From the perspective of the country, enterprises and talents, what adjustments and changes do we need to make?
Shi Lei: First, on the issue of enterprise internationalization, we have gone through several major stages. The first phase was the end of the 1980s, when a small number of enterprises went out on their own, and a complete arrangement was lacking at the national level. The second stage was in 1999, when the state officially introduced the "going out" policy to encourage state-owned enterprises to go global. However, it is very objective to say that due to the lack of understanding of the international development environment at that time, many state-owned enterprises went to the Middle East, where investment was lost, especially the outbreak of several wars in the Middle East. Public infrastructure cannot be recovered.
Going out and domestic development are two markets, and how the two promote each other is very critical. If the foundation at home is not solid, it is impossible to go out and be stable. Later, our photovoltaic production equipment went out very successfully, at that time the domestic complaint called a coaxing, did not expect to rush to foreign countries but developed very well, two-thirds of the market for photovoltaic production equipment in Europe and the United States is China, which is a very interesting thing. This also shows that our experience in going out has become more and more abundant, especially after joining the WTO in 2001, we have worked hard to study and grasp the laws governing the operation of the international market economy, and strive to adapt to the international trade law that regulates international commodity trade relations.
Chinese's learning ability is really strong, and a senior official in Taiwan's office in the United States in the early days put forward a very objective statement, saying that if the United States wants to clarify a problem, China has defeated you with a market system that you have created and is familiar with. But I don't agree with the word "defeat." We in China have no intention of defeating anyone in the market economy, but we just want to do our own things well, but objectively speaking, we have mastered the laws of the market economy very skillfully, which is extremely difficult.
So, one word to describe the law of our development over the years is called learning by doing, "learning in the dry." Chinese is capable, and after joining the WTO, we found that the original market economy is a big school, and we can learn a lot of knowledge in this school that we are not familiar with in the past, of course, we have also borne high costs and a lot of pain, there is no zero-cost system in the world, there is no atmosphere of complete microwave and no alarm. We have gone out under the pressure of many pressures, and we will continue to go out and introduce them in the future, but we will only further expand and improve our opening up to the outside world, focusing on improvement. Despite the trend of anti-globalization, China will still unswervingly promote the multipolarization of the world, and only by multipolarization can we find equilibrium at multiple points and have more risk hedging mechanisms.
The "Kafding Gorge" could not jump, and Russia experienced a brief period of capitalism before the October Revolution
Philosophy learner Zhang Zhonghua: I saw a saying on the poster that China's socialist market economy is also the practice of Marxist theory in China's new century. If we understand it from this perspective, does it mean that China's current economic development is a new practice in the essence of Chinese history and culture?
Shi Lei: For those who are engaged in economic research, especially in philosophy and Marxist economic philosophy, I recommend re-reading the first volume of the 46th volume of the Complete Works of Marx and Engels, that is, the economic manuscripts of 1857, 1858, 1863, and 1864. After reading it, you will find that a basic principle is mentioned in the first volume of 46 volumes, that is, the conflict of commodity economies. Marx did not use the word "commodity", but used "developed commodity production and developed commodity exchange", in fact, "Kafdin Gorge" (note: refers to the economically and culturally relatively backward countries, under specific social and historical conditions, can not go through the stage of development or full development of the capitalist system, do not suffer the disasters under the capitalist system, or suffer less from such disasters, but absorb all the positive results achieved under the capitalist system, and on this basis directly transition to socialism) can not jump over. As for how to go, the situation is different.
Looking at another document, volume 22 of the Complete Works of Marne, Engels, when writing "Trek" (called "Trek" at the end of the article) to the "Russian Social Problem", said that the Russian land at that time was public ownership, why did this public ownership of land disintegrate? Marx once said that this public ownership of land can not be dissolved, and Marx actually said very clearly in his reply to Chasulich's letter, saying that Chernyshevsky, a reporter for "Chronicles of the Motherland", said that Marx once said that the public ownership of land in Russia must be dissolved, return to private ownership like Britain, and develop for a long time in order to move towards the future world and the future society. Marx said, no, wrong, the reporter of "Chronicles of the Motherland" said that he gave me a great honor for Marx as he said that he gave me a great insult, because I had never said this. You don't know the background and you may not understand what I'm saying, but what you actually mean is that Marx made a slight mistake in his judgment on this issue, not that he was theoretically wrong, but because when he was alive, the public ownership of land in Russia was still there, and the public ownership of Slavic land was still there, but unfortunately, Marx lived a few years less than Engels. After Marx's death, the public ownership of land collapsed, and Engels was fortunate to see this fact, so he wrote a "trek" for the book "Russian Social Problems", at that time Marx was no longer there, but Engels's article was actually critical of Marx.
Engels said that if public ownership of land were to exist, the Russians must be able to successfully absorb all the achievements of previous development, but the Russians did not know what had been before, and this first condition was not met. The Russians must be able to know clearly what the present ownership of land is in relation to the future society, but the Russians have no idea what the future society is. If neither of these articles is met, then a third condition must be met, namely, the launching of a full-scale European revolution from now on. However, we see that the European revolution has not yet broken out. This is tantamount to Engels's self-questioning and self-denial of all three conditions, so he concludes that what we see is that the Russians have all returned to the embrace of capitalism. Engels's words have made it very clear that the October Revolution in Russia was developed through capitalism, and that the October Revolution could not have succeeded without private capitalism and the development of the commodity economy.
The working class at the time of the October Revolution in Russia was such a well-trained and disciplined detachment that it was impossible without the modern capitalist factory system that it was impossible for experts in the history of the October Revolution to make a mistake, thinking that the Soviet Union had no capitalism before the success of the October Revolution. The time is too short to do, and the later has to make up lessons, and this phenomenon that appeared after 1989 is actually a lesson that makes up for the lack of market economic development.
* The government attracts investment, does a good job in nesting services such as plant equipment, and gives subsidies to encourage high-tech innovation
He Liu, a student at the School of Economics of East China Normal University: Recently, a number of high-tech companies like BOE's innovative future that Hefei's urban construction investment company helped develop have also fed Hefei's economic development, which is also a typical representative of the efficient market and the promising government. What issues should the government consider when it comes to the trade-offs between infrastructure development and investments by companies with high development prospects?
Shi Lei: What is the common intersection of these two policies? First, we emphasize scientific and technological innovation. The government can make some investment in this regard, which is not to say that it takes enterprises to invest. Because corporate innovation is risky, especially breakthroughs in major key areas, it is easy to say and not easy to do. If things are easy to do, why do many of Huawei's chips not have spare tires. That being the case, how can our government help companies reduce some of the risks when they enter innovation in key areas? Many local governments do not understand economics, but they have found an experience in practice, such as Luoyang, Henan Province, where the local government subsidizes innovative small businesses, ranging from 10 million to 100 million yuan.
In Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, the government provides subsidies of no less than 40 million yuan and even more than 100 million yuan to a major and key innovative enterprise. If the government supports the 40 million subsidy, the enterprise can be bold and innovative, because all the risk losses are about 40 million, and the worst can ensure breakeven. This is an early risk-averse approach provided by the government for enterprises. Moreover, in addition to financial support, the government can also help enterprises solve the problem of some public infrastructure deficiencies, so we have long attracted investment and done the "seven links and one level" thing, and introduced some high-tech enterprises. The government is responsible for building the house and supporting the equipment in the house, which is equivalent to not only doing a good job of this "nest", but also doing a good job of the basic standard in the "nest", which solves the main problem. The government supports both infrastructure and business innovation, and the two need to be combined.
The remaining questioners are Financial Worker Tan Jialong (left) and Technology Employee Ye Peisong (right)
(Editor: Li Nian, Jin Meng, not revised by the keynote speaker)
【Wonderful Moments】
Shi Lei suggested that to understand the development of the socialist market economy, we must learn to read a number of documents
Host Li Nian welcomed the listeners back to the Poster Industry Building after 17 months: "Where the lecture hall is, where is the spiritual home."
In the interactive session, Shi Lei replied carefully and handily, but the listener was very impressed
The 12 students of the Honor Group (who must be over 71 years old) who have just been established in the lecture hall will take a group photo, and they will discuss the spiritual life project of the aging society with the lecture hall
Listeners watch the PPT dubbing composite multimedia film "Storytellers in the Age of Need stories" that introduces Shi Lei
Listen to friends use their mobile phones to leave important moments and wonderful judgments
A collection of book winners who drift to read bazaars
Listening friend staff Member Li Ying did his homework for introducing drifting to read books
Listening friend Yang Hong (left) happily received the liao changyong six-disc CD collector's edition purchased
Author: Shi Lei Lecture Hall Listener
Scene photo: Li Jianmin Zhou Wenqiang
Editor: Qian Yichen