Chifeng City is located in the north of Yanshan Mountain, south of Daxing'anling, west of Yinshan Shuo Desert, east of the Liaohai Plain, it has a brilliant ancient civilization, but also has a very long history of animal husbandry development. Once upon a time, in Inner Mongolia and even the whole country, when Chifeng was mentioned, people would think of its three major domestic breeds: Ao Han fine wool sheep, Chinese grassland red bull, and Ulanhada pig. As early as the 1980s, these three excellent livestock breeds were the pride of the Chifeng people, supporting half of the Chifeng animal husbandry industry.
Zhaowuda League Livestock Research Institute
Wang Shixia is a senior pastor of the former Municipal Agricultural and Pasture Administration, and as a person who has personally experienced that period of history, he is very familiar with the cultivation process of the three excellent livestock breeds in that year. According to reports, at that time, in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the peasants' land was implemented, but due to the breeding capacity and epidemics and other reasons, it was a big problem to ensure the cultivation of livestock. At that time, Wang Shixia went to the northeast for a meeting to study the development of animal husbandry, and finally decided to develop large livestock and sheep in the Chifeng area.
Expert of Zhaowuda League Livestock Research Institute
First of all, the former Soviet Union's fine breeds don and Kabakin horses were introduced to the Wengqi Lantern River Ranch, and cross-bred with native horses. After the horse's artificial insemination technique matured, artificial insemination experiments began on sheep and cattle. Sheep are bred in Ao Han breeding farms, and cattle are bred in Wengqi Haijinshan Ranch. As for the Ulanhada pig, it was mainly aimed at the "big amaranth pig" raised by the people at that time who grew too slowly and bred. These three major livestock breeds, whether for the economic development at that time or the improvement of livestock later, have a positive progressive significance.
Ao Han fine wool sheep
I remember when I was in middle school, I once saw the appearance of Ao Han's fine wool sheep in a geography textbook. As the pride of Chifeng animal husbandry, it did have a series of halos: in 1980, the selection and breeding of new varieties of Ao Han fine wool sheep won the first prize of scientific and technological achievements in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the second prize of technological improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries. In 1982, the Ao Han fine wool sheep passed the acceptance of the expert group composed of the state and the autonomous region, and the People's Government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region officially named it "Ao Han wool meat and fine wool sheep". In 1983, the cultivation of new varieties of Ao Han fine wool sheep won the first prize of scientific and technological achievements of the Ministry of Agriculture.
For the cultivation of Ao Han fine wool sheep, it is also moving forward in exploration. Due to the value of fine wool, the first attempt was made to introduce fine wool sheep from the former Soviet Union for artificial insemination and breeding, and then changed to Australian Merino sheep. At that time, the breeders also had a slogan called "goats become sheep, sheep become improved", the purpose is to make sheep more hairy, a top two. After the fine wool sheep were bred, Liaoning Province at that time believed that the improved fine wool sheep in the northeast region were all bred by the Merino sheep breed in the former Soviet Union, so the fine wool sheep bred in Ao Han was a branch of the northeast fine wool sheep, which should be collectively called "northeast fine wool sheep". However, the fine wool sheep is indeed different from the northeast fine wool sheep, with long belly hair and eyebrows on the upper part of the eyes. In view of this characteristic, later it was considered to breed separately, and the Ao Han breeding sheep were jointly carried out in conjunction with various flag counties to establish a joint breeding area. Therefore, at that time, there were Ao Han fine wool sheep in all flag counties.
According to Liu Dacheng of the Grassland Improvement Station of Chifeng Animal Husbandry Bureau, Ao Han fine wool sheep is a well-known brand in China, which is improved by the blood of Australian merino sheep and cultivated through 3 years of hybridization. Ao Han fine wool sheep can adapt to the harsh wind and sand climate, with strong grip, strong disease resistance, high fertility and strong adaptability. It has a strong physique, a strong skeleton, good combination of various parts, a wide and long body, a closed back hair, and a well-grown abdominal hair.
Outdoor identification of Ao Han fine wool sheep
The main production performance of Ao Han fine wool sheep is as follows: the average weight of adult male and female sheep after shearing is 91 kg and 50 kg, and the length of the hair bush is 9.8 and 7.5 cm respectively; the shearing volume is 16.6 and 6.9 kg, and the net gross rate is 34% to 42%. Wool fineness is dominated by 66 yarns and 70 yarns. The average live weight of 8-month-old karmic sheep before slaughter was 34.2 kg, and the slaughter rate was 41.4%, compared with 63.7 kg and 46% of adult karmic sheep, respectively. The lambing rate of adult ewes is 132.75%.
Ao Han fine hairy sheep medicinal bath
In the 1980s, the city's Ao Han Banner, Weng Niu Special Banner, Karaqin Banner, Ningcheng County and other places have been farmed, the central production area is Ao Han Banner, the largest group has reached more than 1.3 million. After 1995, wool prices fell sharply and remained depressed. Many ordinary people see that wool is not valuable, they began to raise small tail cold sheep and Boer goats, the development of meat sheep industry, now Ao Han fine wool sheep stock has been very small, mainly concentrated in Ao Han Banner, there are about 300,000 to 500,000 or so. Later, the city through the introduction of pentagonal dorset, Suffolk, Australia, the United States, Demei and other excellent breeds of rams and small tailed cold sheep, Uzumuqin sheep for hybridization, the lamb can be out of the pen that year, and the weight of more than 45 kg. It seems that with the changes in market demand and the development of livestock improvement technology, "survival of the fittest, a hundred flowers blooming" has made it no longer possible for a certain species to "thrive".
Ao Han fine wool sheep acceptance naming conference
In order to speed up the pace of the development of Ao Han fine wool sheep towards super fine hair sheep, Ao Han Breeding Sheep Farm cooperated with the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Livestock Improvement Station to use the national 863 science and technology project to provide pure breed ultra-fine Australian and American sheep embryos with a wool fineness of more than 80 yarns free of charge, taking the Ao Han fine wool sheep with normal breeding performance and good nutritional status as the recipient, accepting the frozen embryo transfer of purebred imported Australian and American ultra-fine fine hair sheep, and comprehensively improving the production performance and wool fineness of the Ao Han fine wool sheep. The new fine wool sheep produced has the characteristics of large size, capillary and strong adaptability, and has strong market competitiveness.
In addition, embryo transfer is faster than artificial insemination, and there are new indicators every year, from 64 yarns to 70 and 74 to 80. Although the hair is cheap, but the hair is fine, there are still people in the market to buy. In the 1990s, the city set off a goat fever, and the city also bred a rare cashmere goat. Cashmere is not as long as sheep wool, but it is thinner than sheep wool, so many people rely on raising goats to get rid of poverty, and the sheep market is affected. However, goats are extremely damaging to grasslands and the natural environment, and developed countries do not raise goats at all. Therefore, in the long run, the prospects of Ao Han fine wool sheep are still good.
Chinese grassland red bull
Along with the "Three Hippopotamus", the Chinese grassland red bull was also extremely popular in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia.
Prairie Red Bull
The steppe red bull is a short-horned bull introduced from Wengqi Haijinshan Ranch, which lasted for more than 30 years and was bred by improving local Mongolian cattle using artificial insemination technology, which has effectively promoted the development of cattle improvement in Chifeng area. Regarding the cattle transformation in our city, it has also undergone a tortuous process. At that time, black and white flowers were introduced, and the black and white flowers were introduced, but they were withdrawn because the people could not afford to feed them. Later, Korean cattle were introduced, but they were not suitable for the development of the Chifeng area. Because the reform will "castrate" the local breeding stock, it will arouse the suspicion of the local people and the opposition of the local government. Later, the breeders decided to carry out a pilot in Haijinshan, took the initiative to contact the Northeast Agricultural Science Research Institute, they sent experts to investigate, according to the feeding level and feed capacity, they thought it was more appropriate to use the British shorthorn cattle introduced by the Japanese in the Gongzhuling area in the past to cross with local Mongolian cattle. As a result, after the improvement of hybridization, the calves increased their birth weight compared with the native cattle, and they were tolerant of rough feeding, which obviously had the advantage of breeding bulls.
Weng Niu Te Banner Haijinshan Ranch
After the successful improvement, at a breeding meeting in Tianjin, Wang Zhen proposed that the breeding of shorthorn cattle in the northeast region is very successful, just call it grassland red bull! Prairie Red Bull got its name from this. After three generations of improved grassland red bulls, inbreeding appeared, and breeding cattle were exchanged with places such as the Great Black River to renew blood, and inbreeding was prevented. Because the range of grassland Red Bull is too small, and eventually it has not been able to become a climate, in order to retain the seeds, a short-horn cattle farm has been set up in the right banner, but because no one has paid a high price to buy his breeding cattle, the company cannot do a loss-making transaction, and the grassland Red Bull will end after acceptance.
Bahrain Right Flag Shorthorn Cattle Farm
According to the "Chifeng Eight Thousand Years Of Events", on September 20, 1984, the new breed of "grassland red bull" livestock passed the acceptance of the technical appraisal committee composed of experts and professors inside and outside the region, and the people's government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region named it "Inner Mongolia Grassland Red Bull with meat and milk". In August 1985, after the appraisal and acceptance organized by the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, the grassland red bull standard was upgraded to a national professional standard, and on June 13, 1986, it was officially named "China Grassland Red Bull".
Herder technician and prairie red bull
Liu Dacheng of the Municipal Animal Husbandry Bureau introduced that the grassland red bull has strong adaptability and is resistant to rough feeding. In summer, it relies entirely on grassland grazing and feeding, and in winter, it does not supplement feeding, and only relies on eating dry grass to maintain its survival. It has strong endurance to cold and hot climates, strong disease resistance and low incidence. According to the measurement, the 18-month-old castrated cattle, after grazing and fattening, gained 1.2 kg per day, the slaughter rate was 50.8%, and the net meat rate was 41%. Cattle that have undergone short-term fattening can reach a slaughter rate of 58.2% and a net meat rate of 49.5%. Under the condition of grazing and supplementary feeding, the average daily milk production is 25 to 35 kg, and the milk fat rate is more than 4.5%.
Employees of the Milk Powder Processing Plant at Haijinshan Ranch milk milked cows
Grassland Red Bull has good reproductive performance, and under grazing conditions, the reproductive survival rate is 68.5%-84.7%. The back hair of the steppe red bull is purple or red, the individual is small, the head is lighter, most of them have horns, and the horns are mostly extended forward and outward, inverted figure eight, slightly curved inward. The neck and shoulders are well combined, the chest is wide and deep, the back and waist are straight, the limbs are upright, the physique is strong, and the breasts are well developed. Adult bulls weigh 550 to 600 kg and cows weigh more than 400 kg. Its meat is delicious and tender, and it is the best raw material for cooking, and the skin can be tanned and the wool can be woven into a blanket. Grassland red bull than local Mongolian cattle to improve the meat production rate of 30% to 50%, direct benefits increased by more than 20%, that is to say, if a Mongolian cow sold for 1000 yuan at that time, then a grassland red bull to sell more than 1200 yuan.
Later, the grassland Red Bull scenery was no longer beautiful, and with the successful introduction and improvement of large-scale beef cattle breeds such as Simmental and Charolais, the grassland Red Bull was like yesterday's yellow flower. According to relevant statistics, from 2001 to 2004, the city used Simmental and Charolais cattle frozen essence for a total of 825,000 cows for 4 years, with a fetal rate of more than 90%, and produced 750,000 high-quality improved calves. As of 2005, the improvement rate of cattle in chifeng has reached more than 86%, the rate of artificial insemination has reached more than 95%, and the original mongolian cattle and steppe red cattle can only be used as mothers to breed the offspring of Simmental and Charolais. At present, the bulls produced through improvement can be released in 18 to 24 months, and the bull fattening no longer has to pass the "castration" level like local cattle.
Ulanhada pig
In memory, the pigs seen as children are either black or flowered, rarely see the same color of white pigs, and most of the pigs seen are as if they have not grown up, people often call them "little poached pigs", and some of them are not grown up for two years. In fact, the Ulanhada pig came into being in response to this situation.
According to Wang Shixia, in the past, our area raised "big pigs", and the people first fed some grain after catching the piglets, and as long as they lived, they scattered and raised. Because there was no grain at that time, only swill water and grain bran were fed, called "hanging racks" and "long embryos", and it was not until the autumn grain came down that they began to fatten. Although this was suitable for the economic conditions of the countryside at that time, the feeding time was too long, and some only grew 100 kilograms in nearly two years. Since the 1960s, the Ulanhada Pig Farm in Ningcheng County has been breeding "Ulanhada Pigs" with Baksha breeding boars and local sows, which has been breeding for more than 20 years.
Ulanhada pigs can be out of the pen in 9 months, and some are out of the pen in half a year. The meat quality is good, fat and lean, and it is deeply liked by the masses. In July 1985, the Science and Technology Commission and the Agricultural Commission of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region organized experts and professors from inside and outside the region to identify, accept and name the new breed of "Ulanhada Pig" bred in Chifeng City.
Outdoor identification of Ulanhada pigs
According to Liu Dacheng, the Ulanhada pig has the characteristics of "six whites", that is, four hooves are white, the tip of the nose is white, and the tip of the tail is white. The average weight of adult sows is 189.95 kg, the yield is high, the average litter is more than 8 at that time, the growth and development performance is good, the average weight of adult boars is 227.6 kg, the fattening performance is 281 days old, the average daily weight gain is 516.37 kg, the lean meat rate is 50.1%, the genetic performance is basically stable, and it can adapt well to the continental climate and extensive feeding conditions. It can grow more than 100 kilograms in 9 months. This was indeed of progressive significance for the chifeng people, who mainly raised local pigs with slow weight gain and low littering rate at that time. At that time, it had been promoted to Baotou, Zhemeng Naiman Banner, Jianping County, Gai County, Hebei Weichang County and other places in Liaoning Province.
Later, through the introduction of high-quality new breeds such as Dika, Duroc, Pitland and other high-quality new breeds and Ulanhada pigs for hybridization, the new breeds bred had more litter rates, and most of them were lean pigs, and the daily weight gain was faster. Therefore, although the Ulanhada pig has gradually withdrawn from the stage of history, its descendants still make positive contributions to the improvement and breeding of chifeng pigs.
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Ao Han fine wool sheep, Chinese grassland red bull, Ulanhada pig once like three brilliant pearls, embedded in the Zhaowuda grassland. At present, in addition to the Ao Han fine wool sheep is continuing to take the road of improvement with the gradual improvement of the wool market, such as the Ulanhada pig, the Chinese grassland red bull has even faded out of the Chifeng breeding market.
Although today they have disappeared or are far from the scenery of the past, after all, they have been the three major breeding animals in Chifeng, making outstanding contributions to the development of animal husbandry in our city and promoting the continuous improvement of animal husbandry in the city.
Ulanhada Pig Identification and Naming Conference
Nowadays, the number of livestock in our city is not only increasing, but also the quality of livestock is further improved, the turnover speed is accelerating, the feeding cycle is greatly shortened, the rate of stockpiling and commodity rates are increasing year by year, and there is a gratifying situation of more and fewer deaths and faster out of the pen. This is inseparable from the solid scientific research skills of the three major breeds of livestock breeds bred in our city, namely "Ao Han Fine Wool Sheep", "Chinese Grassland Red Bull" and "Ulanhada Pig".
This article is based on the article made by Cai Pengfei