Sasha today in its history.
Author: Sasha
This article is Sasha's original and will not be reprinted by any media
Sun Yat-sen, who relied on the warlord revolution, almost died: September 21, 1917: The Protectorate War broke out.
After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the newly established Republic of China held its first parliamentary election in February 1913 in accordance with the provisions of the Provisional Law of the Republic of China. On April 8, 1913, in the national assembly vote, the Kuomintang received the largest number of votes and became the largest party, and the party leader Song Jiaoren should organize a cabinet and obtain the actual power of the state.
It's just that it's not a big joke that you are peacefully seizing power against warlords with soldiers.
Do you know what is called "Xiu Cai met the soldiers and can't say it clearly"?
Song Jiaoren was assassinated by Yuan Shikai's faction, followed by a direct military attack by the Beiyang Army, which crushed the forces of the Southern Revolutionary Army.
Sun Yat-sen and others went into exile in Japan, which is the famous second revolution.
A complacent Yuan Shikai dissolved the National Assembly, repealed the Provisional Treaty Law of the Republic of China, and proclaimed himself emperor in December 1915.
In the same month, Cai Yi and Tang Jiyao launched a patriotic war, and the whole country opposed Yuan Shikai.
Even Old Yuan's subordinates Duan Qirui and Feng Guozhang rebelled. Yuan Shikai died under the rebellion, and there was a split within both China and the Beiyang warlords.
Li Yuanhong controls the Progressive Party, the second largest party in Parliament, and has some political influence, but no power.
Former Yuan Shikai's subordinates Duan Qirui and Feng Guozhang did not give in to each other, and each believed that they were Yuan Shikai's successors.
In comparison, Duan Qirui's prestige and status were much higher than Feng Guozhang's, and he became the leader of the Anhui warlords, organized the pacification club in Beijing as a political force, assumed the post of premier of the state, and seized great power.
Duan Qirui had japanese people as his backstage and controlled the government's economy and most of the political power.
However, Feng Guozhang held military power and had his own territory and power, and he fought with Duan Qirui in court and openly and secretly.
Here, Li Yuanhong and Duan Qirui had many conflicts in order to seize the power of the central government.
Whether or not to participate in the First World War was the trigger, and there was a fierce conflict between the two sides.
Li Yuanhong's faction did not have any military power, and participating in the First World War was not good for this gang, and they naturally opposed it.
Duan Qirui was very eager to participate in the First World War, mainly for the sake of the Anhui warlords.
Although Duan Qirui held a high position of authority and had many troops in name, he did not have any troops of the same lineage.
Most of Yuan Shikai's elite troops were in the hands of Feng Guozhang. In the struggle between the two sides, Duan Qirui was in a very disadvantageous position due to his lack of military strength.
If he could participate in the First World War, Duan Qirui could use state funds to organize his own army.
Moreover, Japan had already decided to send troops to Qingdao to attack the German army.
Duan Qirui's backstage is Japan, and Li Yuanhong's backstage is British and American. Britain and the United States do not want Japan to occupy too much of China's interests and do not advocate China's participation in the war to help Japan.
The Japanese very much hoped that Duan Qirui's Chinese army would also participate in the war and help the Japanese army completely eliminate the German army in Shandong.
Under the fierce struggle between the two sides, Li Yuanhong, who had no military power, was gradually defeated, was forced to agree to declare war on Germany, and the Parliament was forced to reorganize.
However, Li Yuanhong is an old politician, and his political means are old and spicy, and he is not easy to deal with.
Subsequently, Li Yuanhong exposed Duan Qirui's private borrowing from Japan in retaliation.
The two sides fought until May 1917, when Li Yuanhong ordered Duan Qirui to be removed from his post as prime minister. Furious, Duan Qirui refused to acknowledge his dismissal, while ordering his overseers to declare the independence of the provinces and no longer obey the orders of the central government.
These overseers were eager to try, and at any time they could send troops to attack Beiping City and capture Li Yuanhong alive.
Li Yuanhong did not have his own army, and suddenly fell into a dangerous situation of precariousness.
In desperation, Li Yuanhong invited some well-connected warlords to send troops to support, and in the end, only the Xuzhou warlord Zhang Xun was willing to help.
Unexpectedly, Zhang Xun had just led thousands of people into Beiping, so he drove away Li Yuanhong and announced that he would support Puyi to restore the throne and restore the Qing Dynasty.
As a result, Li Yuanhong's political power almost collapsed.
Duan Qirui, who had been borrowing a knife to kill people, sat and watched Li Yuanhong finish playing, and then sent troops to attack Zhang Xun, and effortlessly crushed the braided soldiers.
As a result, Li Yuanhong's old-school political clique collapsed, and Duan Qirui became the number one person in China.
In this farce, Duan Qirui gave them many benefits in order to win over powerful warlords not to defect to Li Yuanhong.
After Li Yuanhong was forced to resign, on July 6 the president was replaced by Feng Guozhang, a warlord of direct line supported by Britain and the United States, and Duan Qirui became the prime minister.
After coming to power this time, Duan Qirui thought that he had overthrown his biggest political enemy, Li Yuanhong, and he was immediately satisfied and fluttered.
He believed that the opportunity should be taken to completely remove political obstacles, so he publicly declared that "one does not want the law, the second does not want congress, and the third does not want the old president." Duan Qirui abolished the 1913 election of the National Assembly, and organized a provisional Senate with the leader of the Progressive Party, Liang Qichao of the Research Department.
This caused dissatisfaction among the warlords of the five southern provinces, and the warlords of Guangdong, Guizhou, Dian, Qian, and Sichuan believed that Duan Qirui was equivalent to restoring the complete dictatorship of Yuan Shikai's era, and the next step would be to send troops to attack the south.
At the same time, Duan Qirui also had internal differences.
Duan Qirui's dictatorship affected the power of various forces in the north, including Duan Qirui's allies.
Everyone believes that Duan Qirui does not have yuan shikai's ability and strength, but has yuan shikai's ambitions.
For Duan Qirui, although he organized the army of the Concubine clan by participating in the First World War, the strength of the army was only 30,000 people, and the strength was weak and weak.
In desperation, Duan Qirui began to woo Japan in a big way, hoping that Japan would support him. Japan is naturally not a good thing, and immediately put forward many conditions, demanding that Duan Qirui betray his sovereignty.
Lest he be attacked as a traitor, Duan Qirui hesitated and did not dare to agree casually.
Because of Duan Qirui's Hu Lai, the national political situation fell into chaos, and the warlords directly under the direct line took the opportunity to expand their strength and had a great momentum of surpassing the Anhui warlords.
This kind of chaos provides a very good opportunity to crush the Beiyang government.
Sun Yat-sen began to announce his defense of the Provisional Covenant Law of the Republic of China, and Zhang Taiyan, Li Liejun, Tan Renfeng, and others once again joined their forces to support the Restoration of the Provisional Covenant Law and launch a campaign to protect the Law.
In July 1917, Sun Yat-sen arrived in Guangzhou on a warship, and the Dharma Protection Movement officially began.
At this time, Zhang Xun had just been defeated, and cheng Biguang, the commander-in-chief of the navy, opposed Duan Qirui's trampling on the law and destroying the Republic of China, supported Sun Yat-sen's idea of protecting the law, and declared his independence from the Beijing government. From Shanghai, he led the First Fleet Yongfeng and nine other warships to support Sun Yat-sen, and arrived in Guangzhou on July 22 to strengthen the momentum of the protector.
After arriving in Guangzhou, Sun Yat-sen was quickly supported by warlords in the southwest. Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan announced their independence from the Beiyang government and joined the Dharma Protection Movement.
However, these warlords did not support Sun Yat-sen, but only engaged in political and military speculation for their own interests.
Duan Qirui repeatedly declared that he would unify the whole country by force and would soon go south to fight, and the warlords in the southwest felt threatened.
In September 1917, when Sun Yat-sen was appointed Grand Marshal, Chiang Kai-shek, who remained in Shanghai, immediately proposed to Sun Yat-sen a "battle plan against the Northern Army", believing that "the army under the jurisdiction of the Northern Government is about 300,000 or more, but in fact it can be mobilized, that is, with the combined forces of Feng and Duan, the number is only 60,000." "Although the northern army is numerous, there are very few southern criminals who risk death for the Duan clan" It is planned that the military government will mobilize more troops than the enemy from the great southwest regions of Guangdong, Guizhou, Yun, Gui, Sichuan, and Xiang to march north in three ways.
Chiang Kai-shek had some truth in what he said, but he ignored that most of the Protectors of the French Army were also rabble-rousers, each pregnant with a ghost fetus.
After the establishment of the Protector army, a situation of confrontation between the north and the south was formed, and the two sides soon went to war.
In October, the Protectorate Army and the Beiyang Army started a war in Hunan, and the Protector's War broke out.
Subsequently, the Yunnan army attacked Sichuan, the Guangxi army entered Hunan to assist in the battle, and the Guangdong army attacked Fujian, and the war began in an all-round way.
However, these armies cannot cooperate.
Among the protectors of the French army, the Guangxi warlord Lu Rongting and the Yunnan warlord Tang Jiyao were the most powerful, followed by the Hunan warlords Tan Yanmin, Zhao Hengti, Cheng Qian and others.
The War of Defending france began relatively smoothly, with the middle road occupying Changsha, the western road occupying Chongqing, and the eastern road invading Fujian territory.
Li Tiancai and others proclaimed their independence in Xiangyang and formed the "Hubei Jingguo Army"; Guo Jian and others declared their independence in Fengxiang and formed the "Shaanxi Protector Army". Henan, Shandong and other provinces also had The Yasukuni Army rose up one after another
In just three or four months, the Protector army had entered more than a dozen provinces.
However, there was a certain degree of contingency in the victory of the Protector Army, which was inseparable from the infighting among the Beiyang warlords.
In order to seize power, Feng Guozhang, the leader of the warlords directly under his command, was quite conniving with the French protectors, sitting on the mountain and watching the tiger fight, and did not fight with them.
Duan Qirui's own strength was limited, and in the face of the protector army attacking from all directions, there was simply no way to do anything, so there was a situation of successive failures.
After the successive victories of the Protector Army, Feng Guozhang, a direct descendant, believed that Duan Qirui was in trouble and was unable to control the overall situation, and decided to start a comprehensive demolition.
Wang Ruxian, commander of the Eighth Division of the Beiyang Army, and Fan Guozhang, commander of the Twentieth Division, sent a telegram advocating an armistice. Immediately after the three governors of the Yangtze River and the directly subordinate governor Cao Kun, they jointly issued a telegram in response to the armistice.
As the enemy advanced, Duan Qirui was unable to control the leaders and was forced to resign as prime minister on November 16.
After defeating duan qirui, the biggest political enemy, Feng Guozhang believed that the goal had been achieved and began to persuade the southwestern warlords not to attack.
The warlords of the southwest saw the situation clearly, and they were not the opponents of the immediate army.
With the help of infighting between the direct and Anhui clans, the southwest warlords have already gained great benefits.
For example, Lu Rongting in Guangxi originally controlled only one province in Guangxi, but now the army has entered several provinces.
Therefore, in December, Lu Rongting and Tang Jiyao, without the consent of Sun Yat-sen, the Grand Marshal of the Defending Army, declared a unilateral truce on the two fronts of Hunan and Sichuan, and a temporary truce between the north and the south.
At the end of 1917, Lu Rongting of the Gui clan and Tang Jiyao of the Dian clan decided to turn their backs on Sun Yat-sen's Protectorate of Guangzhou and negotiate a separate peace with Feng Guozhang. It was proposed to restore the National Assembly, stop the xiangyue army and in exchange for supporting Feng Guozhang to succeed him as president, and abolish the conditions for independence in Guangxi and Guangdong. Feng Guozhang issued an armistice notice, instructing the North and the South to cease hostilities.
In this way, the Dharma Protector Movement is tantamount to failure.
Sun Yat-sen was unable to control these southwestern warlords and was completely powerless.
Just as the Dharma Protection Movement ended, Duan Qirui jumped out again to make trouble.
Duan Qirui did not want to be so teased by Feng Guozhang and decided to fight back.
On December 2, 1917, Duan Qirui instigated the Northern Ten Governors of the Overseers' Corps: Cao Kun, Zhang Huaizhi, Zhang Zuolin, Ni Sichong, Yan Xishan, Chen Shufan, Zhao Qian, Yang Shande, Lu Yongxiang, and Zhang Jingyao to hold a meeting of the Overseers' Corps in Tianjin.
On December 6, a joint telegram asked Feng Guozhang to explicitly order a campaign against the southwest, and on December 31, the Ten Governors of the North issued a telegram resolutely opposing the restoration of the old National Assembly, advocating the use of the Provisional Senate controlled by the Anhui Dynasty to assume the functions and powers of the National Assembly and elect a formal president, in an attempt to "legally overthrow Feng".
Nominally, Duan Qirui was the first leader of the Beiyang government. Although he could not control other military leaders, his prestige was still very high, and his political power was quite large.
After all, Feng Guozhang did not dare to openly make an enemy of Duan Qirui, and could only announce the continuation of the war.
In January 1918, Feng Guozhang ordered Cao Kun to go to war in Hunan.
Warlords in Guangxi and Yunnan had reached an agreement with Wu Peifu, and the direct army attacked the troops who obeyed Sun Yat-sen's orders. These units are weak and are not opponents at all.
In February, the direct army invaded Hunan, Hubei Province, and the Protector Army lost consecutive battles, which was very unfavorable.
Fortunately, the Beiyang warlords have some people who are rebelling against each other. When Feng Guozhang went south to supervise the war, he was suddenly put under house arrest by the anhui warlord leader Ni Sichong, the overseer of Anhui, and at the same time, the warlord Zhang Zuolin took advantage of the fire to rob and sent troops into Guannei to fight the autumn wind and ally with the Anhui clan.
In desperation, Feng Guozhang was forced to ask Duan Qirui to serve as prime minister again.
Due to a series of infighting, the direct army's fighting in the south stopped.
No matter how much Duan Qirui urged, Feng Guozhang was reluctant to attack after occupying several important towns in Hunan and Hubei, because this move did not benefit him at all.
The Protectors loyal to Sun Yat-sen suffered heavy casualties and greatly reduced their strength, and they were no longer able to fight.
Thus, the first Dharma Protector Movement ended hastily.
This time, Sun Yat-sen realized the power of the so-called enlightened warlords, who have milk and are mothers, without any purpose or principle.
Because of the suppression of these warlords, Sun Yat-sen was also untenable in the south. In addition to the navy, the Marshal's Office and the twenty battalions of cantonese troops, Sun Yat-sen's orders could not even leave the Grand Marshal's Palace in Guangzhou, and the protector government was also controlled by warlords.
After Sun Yat-sen's confidant, Navy Commander Cheng Biguang, was assassinated by a Warlord in Guangxi, the French Protector Army completely collapsed.
On May 21, Sun Yat-sen left Guangzhou, and the first Dharma Protection Movement failed.
When Sun Yat-sen left, he handed over his troops to Chen Jiongming and Chiang Kai-shek. Since Guangdong was untenable, the two led a large army to attack Fujian and established forces at the junction of Fujian and Guangdong provinces. Due to Sun Yat-sen's great appeal, this army of more than 4,000 people soon grew to more than 20,000 people, which was quite powerful.
At this time, there was a Zhiwan War in the north, and the Anhui warlords collapsed.
Sun Yat-sen seized the opportunity to launch a war against the Warlords of Guangxi who were entrenched in Guangdong, defeated them in one fell swoop, recovered Guangdong Province, formed a military government, and appointed Chen Jiongming as military leader.
Sun Yat-sen returned to Guangzhou on November 28, 1920, announcing the reorganization of the French military government and the continuation of the Dharma Protection Movement. The "Second Protector" begins.
However, Chen Jiongming was already the Emperor of Tu at this time. He took control of the army and local administration, and established his own power. He believed that it was enough to occupy the wealthy Guangdong, and that it should not risk the Northern Expedition with tens of thousands of people and set himself on fire.
Chen Jiongming's transformation into a new warlord is no different from the warlords in the southwest, but Sun Yat-sen has not yet soberly realized this.
At this time, Chen Jiongming colluded with Wu Peifu, the leader of the warlords directly under his direct lineage, and prepared to drive Sun Yat-sen out of Guangdong by force.
On April 23, 1922, Sun Yat-sen held a meeting of all his staff at the Presidential Palace at Yuexiu Mountain and decided to stop it.
During this period, Chiang Kai-shek believed that Chen Jiongming had become an enemy, and the warlords in Guangxi and Yunnan were good examples. As soon as there is an opportunity, Chen Jiongming will immediately take a few bites back, and he must be eliminated first.
Sun Yat-sen believed that the Beiyang warlords were the biggest enemy, and that if they attacked their former people before the Northern Expedition, they would lose the hearts of the people.
Therefore, Sun Yat-sen personally returned to Guangzhou and persuaded Chen Jiongming and his troops not to rebel. Chen Jiongming only superficially accepted and secretly stepped up preparations against Sun.
In 1922, the First Zhifeng War broke out, and the Zhi and Feng clans fought with all their strength in the north. This was obviously a good opportunity, and Sun Yat-sen personally supervised the establishment of the Northern Expedition base camp in Shaoguan and attacked the direct clan occupying Jiangxi with the combined forces of the four provinces of Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Hunan.
Subsequently, everyone knew that Chen Jiongming betrayed Sun Yat-sen and shelled the presidential palace, forcing Sun Yat-sen to flee Shanghai in disguise.
Thus the Second Dharma Protector Movement failed.
Through the two Dharma Protection Movements, we can see that warlords of any nature are completely unreliable.
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